{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:03:03Z","timestamp":1773849783753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and blood components are the main trigger factors starting the complex pathophysiological cascade following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is not clear whether they independently contribute to tissue damage or whether their impact cannot be differentiated from each other. We here aimed to establish a rat intracranial hypertension model that allows distinguishing the effects of these two factors and investigating the relationship between elevated ICP and hypoperfusion very early after SAH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood or four different types of fluids [gelofusine, silicone oil, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), aCSF plus xanthan (CX)] were injected into the cisterna magna in anesthetized rats, respectively. Arterial blood pressure, ICP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were continuously measured up to 6 h after injection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to measure the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in brain cortex and peripheral blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Silicone oil injection caused deaths of almost all animals. Compared to blood, gelofusine resulted in lower peak ICP and lower plateau phase. Artificial CSF reached a comparable ICP peak value but failed to reach the ICP plateau of blood injection. Injection of CX with comparable viscosity as blood reproduced the ICP course of the blood injection group. Compared with the CBF course after blood injection, CX induced a comparable early global ischemia within the first minutes which was followed by a prompt return to baseline level with no further hypoperfusion despite an equal ICP course. The inflammatory response within the tissue did not differ between blood or blood-substitute injection. The systemic inflammation was significantly more pronounced in the CX injection group compared with the other fluids including blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>By cisterna magna injection of blood substitution fluids, we established a subarachnoid space occupying rat model that exactly mimicked the course of ICP in the first 6 h following blood injection. Fluids lacking blood components did not induce the typical prolonged hypoperfusion occurring after blood-injection in this very early phase. Our study strongly suggests that blood components rather than elevated ICP play an important role for early hypoperfusion events in SAH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T13:21:54Z","timestamp":1689168114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of isolated intracranial hypertension on cerebral perfusion within the phase of primary disturbances after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guangshan","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Conzen-Dilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias Philip","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Sch\u00f6ps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna Charlotte","family":"Clauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerrit Alexander","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Lindauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.06.011","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"34","author":"Abraham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.914542","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of 0.2% xanthan gum in ocular surface corneal epithelial cells.","volume":"40","author":"Amico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/52132","article-title":"The rabbit blood-shunt model for the study of acute and late sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Technical aspects.","volume":"92","author":"Andereggen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500380871","article-title":"Hemoglobin and heme scavenging.","volume":"57","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220467","article-title":"Acute changes of pro-inflammatory markers and corticosterone in experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage: A prerequisite for severity assessment.","volume":"14","author":"Bach","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215619806","article-title":"A new non-craniotomy model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the pig: A pilot study.","volume":"50","author":"Backer-Grondahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.230","article-title":"Blood constituents trigger brain swelling, tissue death, and reduction of glucose metabolism early after acute subdural hematoma in rats.","volume":"30","author":"Baechli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/eja.0000000000000668","article-title":"Sevoflurane attenuates systemic inflammation compared with propofol, but does not modulate neuro-inflammation: A laboratory rat study.","volume":"34","author":"Beck-Schimmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.26.6.1086","article-title":"Cortical blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in a new noncraniotomy model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat.","volume":"26","author":"Bederson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-019-0129-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and intracranial pressure elevation in neurological diseases.","volume":"16","author":"Bothwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100074","article-title":"Acute effects of systemic inflammation upon the neuro-glial-vascular unit and cerebrovascular function.","volume":"5","author":"Brezzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3233\/bir-1993-30202","article-title":"Evaluation of a transparent blood analog fluid: Aqueous xanthan gum\/glycerin.","volume":"30","author":"Brookshier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007703","article-title":"Effect of decompressive craniectomy on outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice.","volume":"46","author":"Buhler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.6.1410","article-title":"A new reproducible model of an epidural mass lesion in rodents. Part I: Characterization by neurophysiological monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathological analysis.","volume":"97","author":"Burger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600283","article-title":"Mechanisms of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-3","article-title":"Temporal course of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and amyloid accumulation in the aging rat brain from three to thirty months.","volume":"9","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.114047","article-title":"Early brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Where are we at present?","volume":"7","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-2002-1","article-title":"A novel plasma-based fluid for particle image velocimetry (PIV): In-vitro feasibility study of flow diverter effects in aneurysm model.","volume":"46","author":"Clauser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0674-3","article-title":"The Acute phase of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Intracranial pressure dynamics and their effect on cerebral blood flow and autoregulation.","volume":"10","author":"Conzen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199707000-00005","article-title":"Continuous assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in head injury.","volume":"41","author":"Czosnyka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000068863.37133.9e","article-title":"Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Putative role of inflammation.","volume":"53","author":"Dumont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.3.031411","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation: Current measurement techniques and prospects for noninvasive optical methods.","volume":"3","author":"Fantini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00266-7","article-title":"Stroke epidemiology: A review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century.","volume":"2","author":"Feigin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.154","article-title":"Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage causes early and long-lasting microarterial constriction and microthrombosis: An in-vivo microscopy study.","volume":"32","author":"Friedrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080101","article-title":"Gender influences the initial impact of subarachnoid hemorrhage: An experimental investigation.","volume":"8","author":"Friedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x221112278","article-title":"Disturbed microcirculation and hyperaemic response in a murine model of systemic inflammation.","volume":"42","author":"Fruekilde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-013-0257-2","article-title":"Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research.","volume":"4","author":"Fujii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.007","article-title":"Tenascin-C induces prolonged constriction of cerebral arteries in rats.","volume":"55","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00710-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microvascular dysfunction after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Emerging components of early brain injury related to outcome.","volume":"31","author":"Geraghty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1179\/016164109X12464612122650","article-title":"High ICP as trigger of proinflammatory IL-6 cytokine activation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"32","author":"Graetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-106319977:3<341::AID-HIPO8<3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Adhesion molecule expression on phagocytic microglial cells following anterograde degeneration of perforant path axons.","volume":"7","author":"Hailer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.04.023","article-title":"The protective effect of xanthan gum on interleukin-1beta induced rabbit chondrocytes.","volume":"89","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2.","volume":"4","author":"Iliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830130309","article-title":"Immune responses to xanthan gum. I. The characteristics of lymphocyte activation by xanthan gum.","volume":"13","author":"Ishizaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.13.5.601","article-title":"A primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Change in regional cerebral blood flow, autoregulation carbon dioxide reactivity, and central conduction time.","volume":"13","author":"Jakubowski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: A beginner\u2019s guide.","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S545","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933795","article-title":"Changes of cortical perfusion in the early phase of subarachnoid bleeding in a rat model and the role of intracranial hypertension.","volume":"66","author":"Kolar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6582","article-title":"The cerebral thrombin system is activated after intracerebral hemorrhage and contributes to secondary lesion growth and poor neurological outcome in C57Bl\/6 mice.","volume":"37","author":"Krenzlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.10.009","article-title":"Application of xanthan gum as polysaccharide in tissue engineering: A review.","volume":"180","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1959.39.2.183","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man.","volume":"39","author":"Lassen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040072","article-title":"Early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Incidence and mechanisms.","author":"Lauzier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2009.10.014","article-title":"Outcome and cost of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"21","author":"le Roux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00071","article-title":"A comparison of pathophysiology in humans and rodent models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"11","author":"Leclerc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7488","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.916092","article-title":"Xanthan gum ameliorates osteoarthritis and mitigates cartilage degradation via regulation of the Wnt3a\/beta-catenin signaling pathway.","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.04.003","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of xanthan gum in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.05.031","article-title":"A rabbit model of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage by ear central artery-suprasellar cistern shunt.","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02082-6","article-title":"Acute systemic LPS-exposure impairs perivascular CSF distribution in mice.","volume":"18","author":"Manouchehrian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04981-6_58","article-title":"The rabbit blood shunt subarachnoid haemorrhage model.","volume":"120","author":"Marbacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-50","article-title":"Exacerbation of CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration by systemic LPS treatment is independent of circulating IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6.","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-12","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid is drained primarily via the spinal canal and olfactory route in young and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats.","volume":"11","author":"Murtha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)00455-6","article-title":"Cisternal talc injection in dog can induce delayed and prolonged arterial constriction resembling cerebral vasospasm morphologically and pharmacologically.","volume":"45","author":"Nagata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.009","article-title":"The role of intracranial pressure and subarachnoid blood clots in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.","volume":"129","author":"Naraoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44906-9","article-title":"Neutrophils mediate early cerebral cortical hypoperfusion in a murine model of subarachnoid haemorrhage.","volume":"9","author":"Neulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10723","article-title":"Ischemia triggered by spreading neuronal activation is induced by endothelin-1 and hemoglobin in the subarachnoid space.","volume":"54","author":"Petzold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119833278","article-title":"Changes in conjunctival epithelial cells after treatment with 0.2% xanthan gum eye drops in mild-moderate dry eye.","volume":"30","author":"Postorino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2009.10.008","article-title":"Inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"21","author":"Pradilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001625","article-title":"Cerebral autoregulation-oriented therapy at the bedside: A comprehensive review.","volume":"126","author":"Rivera-Lara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000097051","article-title":"Microcirculatory dysfunction in the brain precedes changes in evoked potentials in endotoxin-induced sepsis syndrome in rats.","volume":"23","author":"Rosengarten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933374","article-title":"Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with ruptured and unruptured aneurysms after induction of general anesthesia.","volume":"67","author":"Schmieder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Neurochir."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180412110919","article-title":"Inflammatory events following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).","volume":"16","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-014-0329-y","article-title":"Intracisternal administration of tissue plasminogen activator improves cerebrospinal fluid flow and cortical perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice.","volume":"5","author":"Siler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218567","article-title":"A diet including xanthan gum triggers a pro-inflammatory response in Wistar rats inoculated with Walker 256 cells.","volume":"14","author":"Silva Rischiteli","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7411-1_57","article-title":"Simultaneous imaging of cortical blood flow and haemoglobin concentration with LASCA and RGB reflectometry.","volume":"789","author":"Steimers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.09.012","article-title":"Oral administration of xanthan gum enhances antitumor activity through toll-like receptor 4.","volume":"9","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-2008-0513","article-title":"Medium with blood-analog mechanical properties for cardiovascular tissue culturing.","volume":"45","author":"van den Broek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.128124","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates hemolysis-induced vasoconstriction and the cerebral vasospasm evoked by subarachnoid hemorrhage.","volume":"54","author":"Vecchione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: Anatomy, physiology and pathology.","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90339-5","article-title":"Cerebral vasospasm caused by cisternal injection of polystyrene latex beads in rabbits is inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor.","volume":"42","author":"Yanamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11233","article-title":"Xanthan gum protects temporomandibular chondrocytes from IL-1\u03b2 through Pin1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway.","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T13:22:00Z","timestamp":1689168120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1115385","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"article-number":"1115385"}}