{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:02:51Z","timestamp":1789646571303,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of research concerning ependymal cells is reviewed. Cilia were identified along the surface of the cerebral ventricles c1835. Numerous anatomical and histopathological studies in the late 1800\u2019s showed irregularities in the ependymal surface that were thought to be indicative of specific pathologies such as syphilis; this was subsequently disproven. The evolution of thoughts about functions of cilia, the possible role of ependyma in the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and the relationship of ependyma to the subventricular zone germinal cells is discussed. How advances in light and electron microscopy and cell culture contributed to our understanding of the ependyma is described. Discoveries of the supraependymal serotoninergic axon network and supraependymal macrophages are recounted. Finally, the consequences of loss of ependymal cells from different regions of the central nervous system are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1320369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1704687700000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["History of research concerning the ependyma: a view from inside the human brain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Del Bigio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03812-w","article-title":"Uncovering inherent cellular plasticity of multiciliated ependyma leading to ventricular wall transformation and hydrocephalus.","volume":"9","author":"Abdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90476-0","article-title":"Astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes develop on schedule in dissociated cell cultures of embryonic rat brain.","volume":"83","author":"Abney","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.703835","article-title":"The enigmatic Reissner\u2019s fiber and the origin of chordates.","volume":"15","author":"Aboitiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"B4","author":"Adair","year":"1896","journal-title":"The ependyma: an enquiry into its anatomy, physiology, and pathology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.8.41.37","article-title":"On the pathological anatomy of the brain in insanity.","volume":"8","author":"Addison","year":"1862","journal-title":"J. Mental Sci."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Chorioid [sic] plexus and ependyma","author":"Agduhr","year":"1932","journal-title":"Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90386-8","article-title":"Raphe origin of serotonergic nerves terminating in the cerebral ventricles.","volume":"88","author":"Aghajanian","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Histochemical, functional, and structural features of isolated adherent supraependymal cells: characterization as resident mononuclear phagocytes.","volume":"3","author":"Albrecht","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scan. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901610205","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of epiplexus macrophages (Kolmer cells) in the dog.","volume":"161","author":"Allen","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001370410","article-title":"The ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of the dog as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.","volume":"137","author":"Allen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900750205","article-title":"The growth of ependyma.","volume":"75","author":"Altschul","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000146420","article-title":"Ependymal foldings and other related ependymal structures in the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle of man.","volume":"129","author":"Alvarez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"259","article-title":"The ependymal surface of the fourth ventricle of the rat: a combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.","volume":"7","author":"Alvarez-Morujo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"371","article-title":"Regeneration of spinal neurons in inframammalian vertebrates: morphological and developmental aspects.","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Hirnforsch."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.46.191","article-title":"Primary monolayer culture of rat ependymal cells: an ultrastructural study.","volume":"46","author":"Araki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Jpn."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1934.02250070149008","article-title":"Primary ependymitis: subacute type with occlusion of the foramina of monro and hydrocephalus of the lateral ventricles.","volume":"32","author":"Arnold","year":"1934","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1924.02190310007001","article-title":"A study of tumors arising from ependymal cells.","volume":"11","author":"Bailey","year":"1924","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.56.232.89","article-title":"Ependymal alterations in general paralysis.","volume":"56","author":"Baird","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Mental Sci."},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Meninges, choroid plexuses, ependyma, and their reactions (Chapter 7). Part 1. Histology and functional considerations. Part 2. Age-related changes and pathology","author":"Bargmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Histology and Histopathology of the Nervous System"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"713","article-title":"On granulations of the ependyma.","volume":"9","author":"Baroncini","year":"1888","journal-title":"Alienist. Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.41.172.32","article-title":"On the degenerative lesions of the arterial system in the insane, with remarks upon the nature of granular ependyma.","volume":"41","author":"Beadles","year":"1895","journal-title":"J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1139190","article-title":"Pathologisch-anatomische Bemerkungen zu dem zweiten vorstehenden Fall A. Fraenkel\u2019s.","volume":"24","author":"Benda","year":"1898","journal-title":"Deutsche Med. Wochensch."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.49.206.483","article-title":"Frequency of occurrence of granular ependyma in general paralysis.","volume":"49","author":"Blachford","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Mental Sci."},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Physiologie und chirurgischen Anatomie","author":"Bock","year":"1840","journal-title":"Enth\u00e4lt: Nerven-und Eingeweidelehre; topographische Anatomie"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685139","article-title":"New mutant mouse with communicating hydrocephalus and secondary aqueductal stenosis.","volume":"21","author":"Borit","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.26.1.99","article-title":"The distribution within the brain of ferritin injected into cerebrospinal fluid compartments. I. Ependymal distribution.","volume":"26","author":"Brightman","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.19.2.415","article-title":"The fine structure of ependyma in the brain of the rat.","volume":"19","author":"Brightman","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.40.3.648","article-title":"Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain.","volume":"40","author":"Brightman","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100019570","article-title":"Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle.","volume":"1","author":"Bruni","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980401)41:1<2::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Ependymal development, proliferation, and functions: a review.","volume":"41","author":"Bruni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"649","article-title":"Ependymal cells of the rat fourth ventricle: response to injury.","volume":"2","author":"Bruni","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scanning Electron Microsc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(85)90016-5","article-title":"Ependyma: normal and pathological. A review of the literature.","volume":"356","author":"Bruni","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091740402","article-title":"A scanning electron microscopic study of the ependymal surface of the third ventricle of the rabbit, rat, mouse and human brain.","volume":"174","author":"Bruni","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00520846","article-title":"The hypependymal microglia cell.","volume":"124","author":"Cammermeyer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196410000-00002","article-title":"Ciliary movement in the rat cerebral ventricles: clearing action and directions of currents.","volume":"23","author":"Cathcart","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90578-3","article-title":"Serotonin axons in the supra- and subependymal plexuses and in the leptomeninges; their roles in local alterations of cerebrospinal fluid and vasomotor activity.","volume":"102","author":"Chan-Palay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337675","article-title":"The surface fine structure of the walls of cerebral ventricles and of choroid plexus in cat.","volume":"123","author":"Clementi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90157-1","article-title":"Supraependymal cells: light and transmission electron microscopy extends scanning electron microscopic demonstration.","volume":"57","author":"Coates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.170100","article-title":"Characterization of the ventricular-subventricular stem cell niche during human brain development.","volume":"145","author":"Coletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1965.209.6.1219","article-title":"Potassium exchange between cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and brain.","volume":"209","author":"Cserr","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(71)90422-8","article-title":"Cilia on cultured ependymal cells examined by scanning electron microscopy.","volume":"67","author":"Dalen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091110105","article-title":"The structure of the free surface of a series of epithelial cell types in the mouse as revealed by the electron microscope.","volume":"111","author":"Dalton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"439","article-title":"Finer structure of hepatic, intestinal and renal cells of the mouse as revealed by the electron microscope.","volume":"11","author":"Dalton","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1946.3.3.0250","article-title":"Coarctation of the walls of the lateral angles of the lateral cerebral ventricles.","volume":"3","author":"Davidoff","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2008-059","article-title":"Biological background of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma: a review from a translational research perspective.","volume":"10","author":"de Bont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.35.3.433","article-title":"On the epithelium of the central canal of the spinal cord and of the ventricles of the brain.","volume":"35","author":"Deecke","year":"1879","journal-title":"J. Insanity"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"133","article-title":"Nerve supply of the ventricular ependyma.","volume":"4","author":"Deery","year":"1935","journal-title":"Bull. Neurol. Inst. NY"},{"key":"B48","author":"Del Bigio","year":"1987","journal-title":"Experimental hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid shunting in rabbits."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334666","article-title":"Neuropathological changes caused by hydrocephalus.","volume":"85","author":"Del Bigio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440140102","article-title":"The ependyma: a protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid.","volume":"14","author":"Del Bigio","year":"","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199505000-00014","article-title":"Ependymal reactions to injury. A review.","volume":"54","author":"Del Bigio","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199802000-00064","article-title":"Biological reactions to cerebrospinal fluid shunt devices: a review of the cellular pathology.","volume":"42","author":"Del Bigio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0624-y","article-title":"Ependymal cells: biology and pathology.","volume":"119","author":"Del Bigio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropatho.l"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr052","article-title":"Cell proliferation in human ganglionic eminence and suppression after prematurity-associated haemorrhage.","volume":"134","author":"Del Bigio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139382816.003","article-title":"Neuropathology of human hydrocephalus","author":"Del Bigio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adult Hydrocephalus"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.6.0932","article-title":"Reaction of rabbit lateral periventricular tissue to shunt tubing implants.","volume":"64","author":"Del Bigio","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"67","article-title":"Hortega: El \u201ctercer elemento\u201d de los centros nerviosos. I. La microgl\u00eda en estado normal.","volume":"8","author":"del R\u00edo-Hortega","year":"1919","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"37","article-title":"Hortega: La microglia y su transformacion en c\u00e9lulas en bastoncito y cuerpos granulo-adiposos.","volume":"18","author":"del R\u00edo-Hortega","year":"1920","journal-title":"Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Madrid"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2015.01.004","article-title":"Ependymal cell differentiation, from monociliated to multiciliated cells.","volume":"127","author":"Delgehyr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"468","article-title":"Roles of ependymal cells in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system.","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"341","article-title":"La microglie normale chez le singe (Macacus rhesus).","volume":"37","author":"Dewulf","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Belge Neurol. Psychiat."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000171648.86718.bb","article-title":"Ependymal denudation and alterations of the subventricular zone occur in human fetuses with a moderate communicating hydrocephalus.","volume":"64","author":"Dominguez-Pinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410010605","article-title":"Ependymal changes in the human fetal brain.","volume":"1","author":"Dooling","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/95.3.591","article-title":"The size and form of the cerebral aqueduct in children.","volume":"95","author":"Emery","year":"1972","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/20.4.468","article-title":"Studies on the neuroglia - II.","volume":"20","author":"Eurich","year":"1897","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aae0450","article-title":"Cilia-based flow network in the brain ventricles.","volume":"353","author":"Faubel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2307\/3220684","article-title":"The epithelium of the brain cavities.","volume":"12","author":"Fish","year":"1891","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Microscopists"},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Regional differences in the structure of the ependyma and subependymal layers of the cerebral ventricles of the cat","author":"Fleischhauer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Regional Neurochemistry. The Regional Chemistry, Physiology, and Pharmacology of the Nervous System"},{"key":"B69","first-page":"103","article-title":"\u00dcber die Innervation des Ependyms.","volume":"92","author":"Frey","year":"1947","journal-title":"Vjschr. naturforsch. Ges. Z\u00fcrich"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00412785","article-title":"[Studies of the scintillating ependyma in tissue culture].","volume":"193","author":"Friede","year":"1955","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. Z. Gesamte Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01914889","article-title":"Einiges \u00fcber die Structur der Cylinder-und Flimmerepithelien.","volume":"15","author":"Friedreich","year":"1858","journal-title":"Arch. pathol. Anat. Physiol. klin. Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01749266","article-title":"Ver\u00e4nderungen am Ependym und den subependym\u00e4ren Zonen des Gehirns bei frischen stumpfen Kopfverletzungen.","volume":"26","author":"Gierlich","year":"1936","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. ges. gerichtl. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01945135","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie der Plexus choroides.","volume":"16","author":"Haeckel","year":"1859","journal-title":"Virchows. Archiv."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-66-16172","article-title":"Teratogenetic and lethal effects of influenza-A and mumps viruses on early chick embryos.","volume":"66","author":"Hamburger","year":"1947","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.910110403","article-title":"The division of differentiated cells in the central nervous system of the white rat.","volume":"11","author":"Hamilton","year":"1901","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27298-1","article-title":"Cilia locally synthesize proteins to sustain their ultrastructure and functions.","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.84.6.623","article-title":"Studies on the toxicity of influenza viruses: I. The effect of intracerebral injection of influenza viruses.","volume":"84","author":"Henle","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00340099","article-title":"Ependymal cells in tissue culture.","volume":"46","author":"Hild","year":"1957","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(65)90063-4","article-title":"Electrophysiological properties of ependymal cells from the mammalian brain in tissue culture.","volume":"11","author":"Hild","year":"1965","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090990407","article-title":"Human fetal ependymal cells in tissue cultures.","volume":"99","author":"Hogue","year":"1947","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900250503","article-title":"Studies on regeneration in the spinal cords. I. An analysis of the processes leading to its reunion after it has been completely severed in frog embryos at the stage of closed neural folds.","volume":"25","author":"Hooker","year":"1915","journal-title":"J.. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(65)90038-9","article-title":"Application of the scanning electron microscope to human tissues. A preliminary study.","volume":"4","author":"Jaques","year":"1965","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"511","article-title":"Granular ependymitis. Occurrence in myxovirus infected rodents and prevalence in man.","volume":"67","author":"Johnson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3792.1066","article-title":"Virus-induced hydrocephalus: development of aqueductal stenosis in hamsters after mumps infection.","volume":"157","author":"Johnson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90631-X","article-title":"Morphological evidence for possible functional role of supra-ependymal nerves on ependyma.","volume":"125","author":"Jorge","year":"1977","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05207-7","article-title":"Pediatric ependymoma: an overview of a complex disease.","volume":"37","author":"Junger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2023.08.002","article-title":"Proteotoxic stress and the ubiquitin proteasome system.","author":"Kandel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.1.0085","article-title":"Relation of age and cerebral ventricle size to central canal in man. Morphological analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Kasantikul","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0712-3","article-title":"Ubiquitin-positive inclusions in ependymal cells.","volume":"106","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1933.02240080077007","article-title":"Gliomas arising from the region of the cauda equina: clinical, surgical and histologic considerations.","volume":"29","author":"Kernohan","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001150106","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of the ependyma and subependymal glia of the lateral ventricle of the cat.","volume":"115","author":"Klinkerfuss","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.20694","author":"Kolliker","year":"1854","journal-title":"Manual of Human Microscopical Anatomy."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23118","article-title":"How a radial glial cell decides to become a multiciliated ependymal cell.","volume":"65","author":"Kyrousi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90568-5","article-title":"Monolayer cultures of ependymal cells on porous bottom dishes. A tool for transport studies across the brain cerebrospinal barrier.","volume":"103","author":"Laabich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"605","article-title":"[Electron microscopical differences between subependymal labyrinths of basal membrane in the human, in the rat, and in the rabbit].","volume":"67","author":"Leonhardt","year":"1972","journal-title":"Verh. Anat. Ges."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00306527","article-title":"[A supraependymal nerve cell-, axon- and glia cell-system. A study on the 4th ventricle (apertura lateralis) with scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy in rabbit brain].","volume":"139","author":"Leonhardt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344399","article-title":"[Nonmyelinated fibers in the 3d and 4th ventricle of the rabbit and cat brain].","volume":"78","author":"Leonhardt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3390\/cells4030474","article-title":"Ciliary\/flagellar protein ubiquitination.","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2020_071","article-title":"Ependymal cells surface of human third brain ventricle by scanning electron microscopy.","volume":"121","author":"Lorencova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"B100","article-title":"Do supra-ependymal serotonergic (5-HT) nerves regulate ciliary activity in the rat brain?","volume":"32","author":"Lorez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary.","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.2.5.531","article-title":"Electron microscopic observations of the central nervous system.","volume":"2","author":"Luse","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"B103","first-page":"537","article-title":"Annals of micrology.","volume":"13","author":"Lyons","year":"1854","journal-title":"Brit. Foreign Med.-Chir. Rev."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000411","article-title":"Put away your microscopes: the ependymoma molecular era has begun.","volume":"29","author":"Mack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"65","article-title":"Fine structure of ependyma in lateral ventricles of human brain.","volume":"48","author":"Malinsky","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Univers. Palack. Olomuc."},{"key":"B106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three gliomata of ependymal origin; two in the fourth ventricle, one subcutaneous over the coccyx.","volume":"8","author":"Mallory","year":"1902","journal-title":"J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02116900","article-title":"Ueber ependym\u00e4re Gliomatose der Hirnventrikel.","volume":"50","author":"Margulis","year":"1913","journal-title":"Archiv. Psychiatr. Nervenkrankh."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62817-2_13","article-title":"Progenitors in the ependyma of the spinal cord: a potential resource for self-repair after injury.","volume":"1015","author":"Marichal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.2.4.467","article-title":"The electron microscopy of the choroid plexus.","volume":"2","author":"Maxwell","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692858","article-title":"The cerebral ventricles of the dog. I. Ultrastructural features of supraependymal cells during the inflammatory response.","volume":"50","author":"Merchant","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00692859","article-title":"The cerebral ventricles of the dog. II. Evidence of a hematogenous origin of supraependymal cells during the inflammatory response.","volume":"50","author":"Merchant","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1970.00480230015002","article-title":"Structural, ultrastructural, and permeability changes in the ependyma and surrounding brain favoring equilibration in progressive hydrocephalus.","volume":"22","author":"Milhorat","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.1.0103","article-title":"Stenosis of the central canal of the spinal cord following inoculation of suckling hamsters with reovirus type I.","volume":"81","author":"Milhorat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.4.0716","article-title":"Stenosis of central canal of spinal cord in man: incidence and pathological findings in 232 autopsy cases.","volume":"80","author":"Milhorat","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B115","first-page":"315","article-title":"Parainfluenza virus Sendai infection in macrophages, ependyma, choroid plexus, vascular endothelium and respiratory tract of mice.","volume":"70","author":"Mims","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980415)41:2<158::AID-JEMT4>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of central nervous system cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting surfaces: A bibliography (1963\u20131995).","volume":"41","author":"Mitchell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01668498","article-title":"Cell junctions and membrane specializations in the ventricular zone (germinal matrix) of the developing sheep brain: a CSF-brain barrier.","volume":"16","author":"Mollgard","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01214802","article-title":"Serotoninergic synapses on ependymal and hypendymal cells of the rat subcommissural organ.","volume":"8","author":"Mollgard","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815618438","article-title":"The spinal ependymal layer in health and disease.","volume":"53","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2321-3","article-title":"The ventricular system of the brain: a comprehensive review of its history, anatomy, histology, embryology, and surgical considerations.","volume":"30","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac288","article-title":"Ependymal cells and neurodegenerative disease: outcomes of compromised ependymal barrier function.","volume":"4","author":"Nelles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010742","article-title":"The distribution, activity, and function of the cilia in the frog brain.","volume":"243","author":"Nelson","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0131j.x","article-title":"Intracellular pathways regulating ciliary beating of rat brain ependymal cells.","volume":"531","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B124","first-page":"618","article-title":"Experimental hydrocephalus: surface alterations of the lateral ventricle. Scanning electron microscopic studies.","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90010-8","article-title":"Scanning and electron microscopical investigations of the surface structures of the lateral ventricles in the cat.","volume":"46","author":"Noack","year":"1972","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.004","article-title":"Planar organization of multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells in the brain ventricular epithelium.","volume":"39","author":"Ohata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e31815c1952","article-title":"Patterned neuropathologic events occurring in hyh congenital hydrocephalic mutant mice.","volume":"66","author":"Paez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.42.6.0646","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular system in normal and hydrocephalic rabbits. Preliminary report and atlas.","volume":"42","author":"Page","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5151","article-title":"Cells in the adult human spinal cord ependymal region do not proliferate after injury.","volume":"246","author":"Paniagua-Torija","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.2.4.203","article-title":"Infolded basal plasma membranes found in epithelia noted for their water transport.","volume":"2","author":"Pease","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"B131","author":"Peaslee","year":"1957","journal-title":"Human Histology in its Relations to Descriptive Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401290109","article-title":"Regeneration of the spinal cord in the salamander.","volume":"129","author":"Piatt","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(67)90123-9","article-title":"The processes affecting the distribution of bromide in blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.","volume":"17","author":"Pollay","year":"1967","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/86.1.137","article-title":"The passage of certain substances out of the cerebrosphinal fluid.","volume":"86","author":"Pollay","year":"1963","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B135","first-page":"289","article-title":"Ueber Flimmerbewegungen im Gehirn.","volume":"183","author":"Purkinje","year":"1836","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med."},{"key":"B136","first-page":"159","article-title":"Bemerkung \u00fcber die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit der Flimmerbewegungen der Wirbelthiere von der Integrit\u00e4t des centralen Nervensystems.","volume":"1935","author":"Purkinje","year":"1835","journal-title":"Archiv. Anatom. Physiol. Wissenschaftl. Med."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"391","article-title":"Entdeckung continuerlicher durch Wimperhaare erzeugter Flimmerbewegungen, als eines allgemeinen Ph\u00e4nomens in den Klassen der Amphibien. V\u00f6gel und S\u00e4ugethiere.","volume":"1","author":"Purkinje","year":"1834","journal-title":"Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1934.02250070078005","article-title":"The cerebral circulation: XXIX. Microscopic observations on the living choroid plexus and ependyma of the cat.","volume":"32","author":"Putnam","year":"1934","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)64154-0","article-title":"Transport through the ependymal linings.","volume":"29","author":"Rall","year":"1968","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1931.01160090002001","article-title":"Histologic studies of the brain in cases of fatal injury to the head: II. Changes in the choroid plexus and ependyma.","volume":"23","author":"Rand","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"B141","author":"Ranson","year":"1935","journal-title":"The Anatomy Of The Nervous System. From The Standpoint Of Development And Function"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.088","article-title":"Development of ependymal and postnatal neural stem cells and their origin from a common embryonic progenitor.","volume":"27","author":"Redmond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"545","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntnis vom Bau des R\u00fcckenmarkes von Petromyzon fluviatilis L.","volume":"77","author":"Reissner","year":"1860","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. Physiol.Wiss Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90011-1","article-title":"Supraependymal nerve fibres in human brain: correlative transmission and scanning electron microscopical and fluorescence histochemical studies.","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B145","author":"Rokitansky","year":"1856","journal-title":"Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie Specielle Pathologische Anatomie."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90688-2","article-title":"Ciliary motility in brain ventricular system and trachea of hamsters.","volume":"330","author":"Roth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091800313","article-title":"Ultrastructural demonstration of cilia in the adult human ependyma.","volume":"180","author":"Roy","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4656.770","article-title":"Book review: Pathology of Neurosurgery. Neurosurgical Pathology. By I. Mark Scheinker.","volume":"1","author":"Russell","year":"1950","journal-title":"Briet. Med. J."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05194-9","article-title":"Ependymal ciliary motion and their role in congenital hydrocephalus.","volume":"37","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092100114","article-title":"Chronic infusion of opiate peptides to rat cerebrospinal fluid with osmotic minipumps.","volume":"210","author":"Saland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90150-8","article-title":"Acute injections of opiate peptides into the rat cerebral ventricle: a macrophage-like cellular response.","volume":"10","author":"Saland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1878.0022","article-title":"Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system vertebrate animals.","volume":"169","author":"Sanders","year":"1878","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266211018928","article-title":"Ependymal tumors.","volume":"25","author":"Santi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(92)90063-5","article-title":"Role of the human fetal ependyma.","volume":"8","author":"Sarnat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199501000-00001","article-title":"Ependymal reactions to injury. A review.","volume":"54","author":"Sarnat","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980401)41:1<14::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Histochemistry and immunocytochemistry of the developing ependyma and choroid plexus.","volume":"41","author":"Sarnat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1945.2.3.0232","article-title":"Subependymoma: a newly recognized tumor of subependymal derivation.","volume":"2","author":"Scheinker","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112404508-031","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie des centralen Nervensystems.","volume":"87","author":"Schultze","year":"1882","journal-title":"Archiv. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00490425","article-title":"The origin of (Kolmer\u2019s) epiplexus cells. A combined histomorphological and histochemical study.","volume":"44","author":"Schwarze","year":"1975","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307011","article-title":"A comparative scanning electron microscopic analysis of the human cerebral ventricular system. I. The third ventricle.","volume":"132","author":"Scott","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.063","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics and fate mapping of ependymal cells reveals an absence of neural stem cell function.","volume":"173","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/0964704X.2015.1117894","article-title":"On the origin of the term ependyma.","volume":"25","author":"\u0160imon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hist. Neurosci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(66)90064-4","article-title":"Mammalian ependyma: some physico-chemical determinants of ciliary activity.","volume":"43","author":"Singer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1108-04.2005","article-title":"Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and are derived from radial glial cells during embryogenesis.","volume":"25","author":"Spassky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02450711","article-title":"Ependymal and subependymal cells of the caudato-pallial junction in the lateral ventricle of the neonatal rabbit.","volume":"132","author":"Stensaas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.24.413","article-title":"Turnover of tubulin in ciliary outer doublet microtubules.","volume":"24","author":"Stephens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14930","article-title":"A tale of two cousins: Ependymal cells, quiescent neural stem cells and potential mechanisms driving their functional divergence.","volume":"286","author":"Stratton","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000250102","article-title":"Factors involved in the formation of the filum terminale.","volume":"25","author":"Streeter","year":"1919","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109682","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Bau des Ependyms der nerv\u00f6sen Centralorgane.","volume":"15","author":"Studni\u010dka","year":"1900","journal-title":"Anat. Hefte"},{"key":"B170","first-page":"235","article-title":"A comparison of the processes of ventricular coarctation and choroid and ependymal fusion in the mouse brain.","volume":"129","author":"Sturrock","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01124750","article-title":"Effect of neurotropic drugs on nucleic acid content of glial and nerve cells in tissue culture and on neuroglial motor activity.","volume":"2","author":"Svanidze","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neurosci. Translations"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6276976","article-title":"Viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells.","volume":"215","author":"Tardieu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540584","article-title":"An electron microscope study of ependymal cells of the fetal, early postnatal and adult rabbit.","volume":"56","author":"Tennyson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.01.014","article-title":"Axonal control of the adult neural stem cell niche.","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092235","article-title":"The structure of the spinal cord ependymal region in adult humans is a distinctive trait among mammals.","volume":"10","author":"Torrillas de la Cal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00204880","article-title":"Serotonin axons of the ependyma and circumventricular organs in the forebrain of the guinea pig. An immunohistochemical study.","volume":"228","author":"Tramu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111441252-010","article-title":"Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Flimmerbewegung.","volume":"1","author":"Valentin","year":"1836","journal-title":"Repertor. Anatom. Physiol."},{"key":"B178","article-title":"Ependymal cells in development and disease","author":"Vidovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrocephalus"},{"key":"B179","first-page":"227","article-title":"Structure of the medullo-spinal liquor-contacting neuronal system.","volume":"22","author":"Vigh","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19980401)41:1<57::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Actual problems of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons.","volume":"41","author":"Vigh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01930815","article-title":"Ueber eine im Gehirn und R\u00fcckenmark des Menschen aufgefundene Substanz mit der chemischen Reaction der Cellulose.","volume":"6","author":"Virchow","year":"1853","journal-title":"Arch. pathol. Anat. Physiol. klin. Med."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.s1-2.6.101","article-title":"On a substance presenting the chemical reaction of cellulose, found in the brain and spinal cord of man.","volume":"1","author":"Virchow","year":"1854","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B183","author":"Virchow","year":"1858","journal-title":"Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begr\u00fcndung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02747.x","article-title":"Cellular Pathology as Based Upon Physiological and Pathological Histology.","volume":"47","author":"Virchow","year":"1863","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B185","author":"Walther","year":"1897","journal-title":"Ueber chronische und akute Ependymentz\u00fcndungen der Grosshirnventrikel."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339300","article-title":"Zur Morphologie und Histochemie von Subfornicalorgan, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis und Area postrema bei Kaninchen und Ratte.","volume":"67","author":"Weindl","year":"1965","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch Mikroskop Anat"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1972.00490110054005","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the ventricular walls. Three-dimensional study of regional specialization.","volume":"26","author":"Weindl","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B188","author":"Wenzel","year":"1806","journal-title":"Prodromus eines Werkes \u00fcber das Hirn des Menschen und der Thiere."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1976.tb00511.x","article-title":"Effects of trauma on cell production in the subependymal layer of the rat neocortex.","volume":"2","author":"Willis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1126\/science.139.3551.221","article-title":"Ependymal cilia: distribution and activity in the adult human brain.","volume":"139","author":"Worthington","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1966.tb12638.x","article-title":"Ciliary currents on ependymal surfaces.","volume":"130","author":"Worthington","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00723-8","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons: multimodal cells with diverse roles in the CNS.","volume":"24","author":"Wyart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1320369\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:21:54Z","timestamp":1704687714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1320369\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":192,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2023.1320369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1320369","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"article-number":"1320369"}}