{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:43:18Z","timestamp":1771540998339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both rats and humans, methamphetamine (Meth) seeking progressively increases during abstinence, a behavioral phenomenon termed \u201cincubation of Meth craving\u201d. We previously demonstrated a critical role of dorsal striatum (DS) in this incubation in rats. However, circuit-specific molecular mechanisms in DS underlying this incubation are largely unknown. Here we combined a newly developed fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS) protocol with fluorescence-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B-647 (CTb-647, a retrograde tracer) to examine gene alterations in the direct-pathway (striatonigral) medium spiny neurons (MSNs) associated with incubation of Meth craving.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We injected CTb-647 bilaterally into substantia nigra before or after training rats to self-administer Meth or saline (control condition) for 10 days (6 h\/d). On abstinence day 1 or day 28, we collected the DS tissue from both groups for subsequent FACS and examined gene expressions in CTb-positive (striatonigral MSNs) and CTb-negative (primarily non-striatonigral MSNs). Finally, we examined gene expressions in DS homogenates, to demonstrate cell-type specificity of gene alterations observed on abstinence day 28.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On abstinence day 1, we found mRNA expression of <jats:italic>Gabrb3<\/jats:italic> decreased only in CTb-positive (but not CTb-negative) neurons of Meth rats compared with saline rats, while mRNA expression of <jats:italic>Usp7<\/jats:italic> decreased in all sorted DS neurons. On abstinence day 28, we found increased mRNA expression for <jats:italic>Grm3, Opcml<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Usp9x<\/jats:italic> in all sorted DS neurons, but not DS homogenate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, these data demonstrated that incubation of Meth craving was associated with time-dependent, circuit-specific, and cell type-specific gene alterations in DS involved in glutamatergic, GABAergic, opioidergic, and protein degradation signaling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1542508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T07:27:24Z","timestamp":1739345244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Profiling gene alterations in striatonigral neurons associated with incubation of methamphetamine craving by cholera toxin subunit B-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rachel D.","family":"Altshuler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan A. 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