{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:19:19Z","timestamp":1792981159800,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021QH160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QH160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2019ZD32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2019ZD32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M721983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with limited self-repair capacity, resulting in long-term disabilities. Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs), which are present in the adult central nervous system (CNS), hold significant potential for repairing neural damage following SCI. These cells can proliferate, migrate to the injury site, and differentiate into various neural cell types, including neurons and glial cells. However, after SCI, eNSCs predominantly differentiate into astrocytes, with minimal neuronal differentiation, thereby hindering effective neural regeneration. This review summarizes the key mechanisms underlying the differentiation of eNSCs into neurons, focusing on the molecular signaling pathways that regulate their fate, including the Notch, Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, and PI3K\/Akt pathways. It also discusses the microenvironment\u2019s role, including factors such as hypoxia, extracellular matrix components, and inflammatory cytokines, which influence eNSCs differentiation. The review also highlights potential therapeutic strategies to enhance eNSCs differentiation into neurons, including biomaterials and multimodal approaches that combine pharmacological, physical, and tissue engineering techniques. Despite progress in understanding eNSCs biology and signaling mechanisms, challenges remain in optimizing therapeutic strategies for SCI repair. Future research should focus on overcoming these limitations, emphasizing refining treatment timing, drug delivery systems, and the development of personalized therapies to promote effective neural regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1592297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:47:10Z","timestamp":1750211230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Research progress on the mechanisms of endogenous neural stem cell differentiation in spinal cord injury repair"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tianwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengrui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao-liang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.095018","article-title":"Notch3 signaling gates cell cycle entry and limits neural stem cell amplification in the adult pallium","volume":"140","author":"Alunni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.770","article-title":"Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development","volume":"284","author":"Artavanis-Tsakonas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.03.014","article-title":"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Aschauer-Wallner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4541","article-title":"Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Assinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.07.014","article-title":"Origin of new glial cells in intact and injured adult spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Barnabe-Heider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b01319","article-title":"Laminin-inspired cell-instructive microenvironments for neural stem cells","volume":"21","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5654","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0455-12.2012","article-title":"Neurogenic subventricular zone stem\/progenitor cells are Notch1-dependent in their active but not quiescent state","volume":"32","author":"Basak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13502","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in brain development and mental disorders: keeping TCF7L2 in mind","volume":"593","author":"Bem","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2028-6","article-title":"Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"72","author":"Bengoa-Vergniory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305411110","article-title":"Lineage tracing with Axin2 reveals distinct developmental and adult populations of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin\u2013responsive neural stem cells","volume":"110","author":"Bowman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5573.1655","article-title":"The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway","volume":"296","author":"Cantley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","article-title":"Ultrastructural characterization of the lower motor system in a mouse model of Krabbe disease","volume":"6","author":"Cappello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.038","article-title":"Immune influence on adult neural stem cell regulation and function","volume":"64","author":"Carpentier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.04.031","article-title":"A unique macrophage subpopulation signals directly to progenitor cells to promote regenerative neurogenesis in the zebrafish spinal cord","volume":"56","author":"Cavone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6170-09.2010","article-title":"Notch activity levels control the balance between quiescence and recruitment of adult neural stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Chapouton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11859","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.11859","article-title":"Effect of Notch1 on neural tube defects and neural stem cell differentiation induced by all-<em>trans<\/em> retinoic acid","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2023138","article-title":"Fucosyltransferase 9 promotes neuronal differentiation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury by suppressing the activation of notch signaling","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. Shanghai"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06892","article-title":"Adhesive, stretchable, and spatiotemporal delivery fibrous hydrogels harness endogenous neural stem\/progenitor cells for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10423-y","article-title":"Drugs and endogenous factors as protagonists in neurogenic stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Chiareli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.3.255","article-title":"Contusion, dislocation, and distraction: primary hemorrhage and membrane permeability in distinct mechanisms of spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Choo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.10.033","article-title":"NT-3 promotes oligodendrocyte proliferation and nerve function recovery after spinal cord injury by inhibiting autophagy pathway","volume":"247","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415616559","article-title":"Effects of Neuroinflammation on neural stem cells","volume":"23","author":"Covacu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719834870","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020491","article-title":"Molecular signaling pathways and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Dimri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-0205-2","article-title":"Endogenous neurogenesis in adult mammals after spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2017.06.008","article-title":"Trauma: spinal cord injury","volume":"97","author":"Eckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1879","article-title":"The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Engelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.094","article-title":"Notch2 signaling maintains NSC quiescence in the murine ventricular-subventricular zone","volume":"22","author":"Engler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0497","article-title":"State of the art of Smo antagonists for cancer therapy: advances in the target receptor and new ligand structures","volume":"11","author":"Espinosa-Bustos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01293-6","article-title":"A tale of two: when neural stem cells encounter hypoxia","volume":"43","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1039\/c8bm00363g","article-title":"Cetuximab and Taxol co-modified collagen scaffolds show combination effects for the repair of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718755778","article-title":"Microenvironment imbalance of spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00186-1","article-title":"Solution structure of ERK2 binding domain of MAPK phosphatase MKP-3: structural insights into MKP-3 activation by ERK2","volume":"7","author":"Farooq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7096","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of local delivery of a rho inhibitor (VX-210) in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Fehlings","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018","article-title":"Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082045","article-title":"Diversity of adult neural stem and progenitor cells in physiology and disease","volume":"10","author":"Finkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-111523-101949","article-title":"Neural stem cell regulation in zebrafish","volume":"58","author":"Foley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00187","article-title":"Long-term viral brain-derived neurotrophic factor delivery promotes spasticity in rats with a cervical spinal cord hemisection","volume":"4","author":"Fouad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2377","article-title":"Chondroitinase ABC treatment opens a window of opportunity for task-specific rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Alias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-1526","article-title":"Electroacupuncture promotes the recovery of rats with spinal cord injury by suppressing the notch signaling pathway via the H19\/EZH2 axis","volume":"9","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050846","article-title":"Regulating endogenous neural stem cell activation to promote spinal cord injury repair","volume":"11","author":"Gilbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107300","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in depression","volume":"206","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3107","article-title":"Unlocking the paradoxical endogenous stem cell response after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Hachem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040857","article-title":"The JNK signaling pathway in inflammatory skin disorders and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Hammouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32517","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c08863","article-title":"Trojan horse strategy for wireless electrical stimulation-induced Zn(2+) release to regulate neural stem cell differentiation for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2003.11.009","article-title":"Structure, regulation and function of PKB\/AKT--a major therapeutic target","volume":"1697","author":"Hanada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073728","article-title":"Neurogenesis as a tool for spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Havelikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21065","article-title":"Fate of endogenous stem\/progenitor cells following spinal cord injury","volume":"498","author":"Horky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242366","article-title":"Oscillatory control of factors determining multipotency and fate in mouse neural progenitors","volume":"342","author":"Imayoshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4987-09.2010","article-title":"Essential roles of notch signaling in maintenance of neural stem cells in developing and adult brains","volume":"30","author":"Imayoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.266907","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and biomimetic engineering microenvironment for neuronal differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12456","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c04011","article-title":"Gallic acid induces neural stem cell differentiation into neurons and proliferation through the MAPK\/ERK pathway","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784647","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.784647","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and external causes of traumatic spinal cord injury in China: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016650","article-title":"Poststroke sonic hedgehog agonist treatment improves functional recovery by enhancing neurogenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8382","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.22.8382-8389.2000","article-title":"ERK5 is a novel type of mitogen-activated protein kinase containing a transcriptional activation domain","volume":"20","author":"Kasler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00248","article-title":"Regeneration of spinal cord connectivity through stem cell transplantation and biomaterial scaffolds","volume":"13","author":"Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615","article-title":"Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Katso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11867","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0001-17.2017","article-title":"Area-specific regulation of quiescent neural stem cells by Notch3 in the adult mouse subependymal zone","volume":"37","author":"Kawai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0249","article-title":"Early response of endogenous adult neural progenitor cells to acute spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"24","author":"Ke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042204","article-title":"Modified industrial three-dimensional Polylactic acid scaffold cell Chip promotes the proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2005.06.022","article-title":"Wnt and calcium signaling: beta-catenin-independent pathways","volume":"38","author":"Kohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628983","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.628983","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling promotes differentiation of ischemia-activated adult neural stem\/progenitor cells to neuronal precursors","volume":"15","author":"Kriska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.033","article-title":"Traumatic spinal injury: global epidemiology and worldwide volume","volume":"113","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00525","article-title":"Conserved and divergent features of adult neurogenesis in zebrafish","volume":"8","author":"Labusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0255-7","article-title":"ERK signalling: a master regulator of cell behaviour, life and fate","volume":"21","author":"Lavoie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3979","article-title":"Regulation of RAF protein kinases in ERK signalling","volume":"16","author":"Lavoie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1708","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is required to rescue midbrain dopaminergic progenitors and promote Neurorepair in ageing mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"L'Episcopo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.01.012","article-title":"Scaffold-facilitated locomotor improvement post complete spinal cord injury: motor axon regeneration versus endogenous neuronal relay formation","volume":"197","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03825-x","article-title":"The roles of neural stem cells in myelin regeneration and repair therapy after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84133","article-title":"Recent advances in endogenous neural stem\/progenitor cell manipulation for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00536-0","article-title":"Transplantation of Wnt5a-modified NSCs promotes tissue repair and locomotor functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901478RR","article-title":"Wnt4-modified NSC transplantation promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.317987","article-title":"miR-103-3p targets Ndel1 to regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23501","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202301805RRR","article-title":"TRIP6 promotes neural stem cell maintenance through YAP-mediated sonic hedgehog activation","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.05.047","article-title":"The effect of neurotrophin-3\/chitosan carriers on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.05.027","article-title":"Cetuximab modified collagen scaffold directs neurogenesis of injury-activated endogenous neural stem cells for acute spinal cord injury repair","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115043","article-title":"MAPK signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"383","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958631","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1958631","article-title":"Employing endogenous NSCs to promote recovery of spinal cord injury","volume":"2019","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.08.031","article-title":"Release of O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in 3D bioprinted supramolecular hydrogel scaffold for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.05.039","article-title":"An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for enhancing tissue repair after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20971","article-title":"Heterogeneity in progenitor cell subtypes in the ventricular zone of the zebrafish adult telencephalon","volume":"58","author":"Marz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060182","article-title":"Spinal cord injury reveals multilineage differentiation of ependymal cells","volume":"6","author":"Meletis","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010173","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer: from molecular landscape to clinical aspects","volume":"22","author":"Miricescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.11.020","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptor activation improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis and exerts anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effect via activation of Wnt\/beta-catenin pathways in rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"122","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.11.008","article-title":"Ependymal cells in the spinal cord as neuronal progenitors","volume":"50","author":"Moreno-Manzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021873","article-title":"TGF-beta and the TGF-beta family: context-dependent roles in cell and tissue physiology","volume":"8","author":"Morikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02940-9","article-title":"Non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation for arm and hand function in chronic tetraplegia: a safety and efficacy trial","volume":"30","author":"Moritz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26815","article-title":"High-throughput combinatorial screening reveals interactions between signaling molecules that regulate adult neural stem cell fate","volume":"116","author":"Muckom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2020.107661","article-title":"Structural basis for inhibitory effects of Smad7 on TGF-beta family signaling","volume":"212","author":"Murayama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121579","article-title":"Specification of BMP signaling","volume":"8","author":"Nickel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416667270","article-title":"How Wnt signaling builds the brain: bridging development and disease","volume":"23","author":"Noelanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600816","article-title":"Jagged1 signals in the postnatal subventricular zone are required for neural stem cell self-renewal","volume":"24","author":"Nyfeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00340","article-title":"Adult spinal cord ependymal layer: a promising pool of quiescent stem cells to treat spinal cord injury","volume":"4","author":"Panayiotou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106151","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106151","article-title":"Nuclear IL-33\/SMAD signaling axis promotes cancer development in chronic inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0452","article-title":"Oxidative stress increases neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in adult neural progenitor cells","volume":"23","author":"Perez Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA10103E","article-title":"Enhancement of neural stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation by IGF-1 delivery in graphene oxide-incorporated PLGA electrospun nanofibrous mats","volume":"9","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8020022","article-title":"Targeting the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway: review of smoothened and GLI inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Rimkus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-081720-114505","article-title":"MAPK-activated protein kinases: servant or partner?","volume":"91","author":"Ronkina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14957","article-title":"Inhibition of Gli1 mobilizes endogenous neural stem cells for remyelination","volume":"526","author":"Samanta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115472","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein receptors: structure, function and targeting by selective small molecule kinase inhibitors","volume":"138","author":"Sanchez-Duffhues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122969","article-title":"Regulation of TGF-\u03b2\/BMP signaling during osteoblast development by non-coding RNAs: potential therapeutic applications","volume":"355","author":"Saranya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03088-8","article-title":"The importance of using exosome-loaded miRNA for the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7692","article-title":"Clobetasol propionate enhances neural stem cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02918-0","article-title":"Enhanced neural differentiation of neural stem cells by sustained release of Shh from TG2 gene-modified EMSC co-culture in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220037120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220037120","article-title":"Calcium dynamics at the neural cell primary cilium regulate hedgehog signaling-dependent neurogenesis in the embryonic neural tube","volume":"120","author":"Shim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845323","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/845323","article-title":"Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the nervous system: inhibitors to repair","volume":"2014","author":"Siebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e919309","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919309","article-title":"Zingerone promotes osteoblast differentiation via MiR-200c-3p\/smad7 regulatory Axis in human bone mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110440","article-title":"Identification of a discrete subpopulation of spinal cord ependymal cells with neural stem cell properties","volume":"38","author":"Stenudd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00044S","article-title":"Challenges in translating regenerative therapies for spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord. Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.323196.118","article-title":"High Hes1 expression and resultant Ascl1 suppression regulate quiescent vs. active neural stem cells in the adult mouse brain","volume":"33","author":"Sueda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123928","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 superfamily members as regulators of B cell development and function\u2014implications for autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Tamayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032652","article-title":"The role of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030487","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling","volume":"10","author":"Tzavlaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081991","article-title":"Clobetasol modulates adult neural stem cell growth via canonical hedgehog pathway activation","volume":"20","author":"Vicario","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b04020","article-title":"Polysialic-acid-based micelles promote neural regeneration in spinal cord injury therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-00994-w","article-title":"Disruption of sonic hedgehog signaling accelerates age-related neurogenesis decline and abolishes stroke-induced neurogenesis and leads to increased anxiety behavior in stroke mice","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07599.1996","article-title":"Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neuroaxis","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263021","article-title":"Microglia-secreted TNF-\u03b1 affects differentiation efficiency and viability of pluripotent stem cell-derived human dopaminergic precursors","volume":"18","author":"Wenker","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.01.009","article-title":"Interferon-gamma but not TNF alpha promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of murine adult neural stem cells","volume":"187","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9664","article-title":"Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote breast cancer MCF7 cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition by cross interacting with the TGF-beta\/Smad and PI3K\/AKT signaling pathways","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21574","article-title":"JNK signaling in cancer cell survival","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2310483","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310483","article-title":"Capacitive-coupling-responsive hydrogel scaffolds offering wireless in situ electrical stimulation promotes nerve regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7022","article-title":"Icarisid <>II<\/scp> promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells via activating Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2307131","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke: modulating the adult neural stem cell niche through the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900727","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201900727","article-title":"Efficient delivery of nerve growth factors to the central nervous system for neural regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10342","article-title":"Differential expression of Musashi1 and nestin in the adult rat hippocampus after ischemia","volume":"69","author":"Yagita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120479","article-title":"Small molecules combined with collagen hydrogel direct neurogenesis and migration of neural stem cells after spinal cord injury","volume":"269","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0954-x","article-title":"Targeting PI3K in cancer: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711710","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.711710","article-title":"The role of sonic hedgehog pathway in the development of the central nervous system and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60134-0","article-title":"Effects of recombinant adenovirus-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha gene on proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in rats following intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109640","article-title":"Osthole inhibits cell proliferation by regulating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad\/p38 signaling pathways in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells","volume":"121","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308993","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308993","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles and methylprednisolone based Physico-chemical bifunctional neural stem cells delivery system for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-024-10747-x","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside promotes the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells to repair spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.056","article-title":"Polymer scaffolds facilitate spinal cord injury repair","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2304300","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202304300","article-title":"Injectable, Electroconductive, free radical scavenging silk fibroin\/black phosphorus\/Glycyrrhizic acid nanocomposite hydrogel for enhancing spinal cord repair","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.05.012","article-title":"Magnesium lithospermate B promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro and enhances neurogenesis in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501488","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1501488","article-title":"Dual-phase SilMA hydrogel: a dynamic scaffold for sequential drug release and enhanced spinal cord repair via neural differentiation and immunomodulation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i9.1278","article-title":"Neural stem cell therapy for brain disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101330","article-title":"ERK-Smurf1-RhoA signaling is critical for TGF\u03b2-drived EMT and tumor metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1592297\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:47:11Z","timestamp":1750211231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1592297\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":144,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2025.1592297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1592297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"article-number":"1592297"}}