{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:04:03Z","timestamp":1785855843785,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the neuroprotective role of growth hormone (GH) in modulating retinal inflammation and microglial responses following optic nerve crush (ONC) in male rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinal inflammation and microglial activation were assessed at 24 h and 14 days post-ONC, with or without GH treatment (0.5 mg\/kg, subcutaneously, every 12 h). Gene and protein expression of inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, TNF\u03b1, Iba1, CD86, CD206) were evaluated using qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Microglial morphology was quantified using skeleton and fractal analysis of Iba1-stained retinal sections. Retinal structure and function were assessed via fundus imaging and optomotor reflex testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ONC induced significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF\u03b1, IL-18) and microglial activation, characterized by reduced branching complexity and increased cell density. GH treatment significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels, modulated microglial phenotype (CD86\/CD206 expression), and preserved microglial morphology in the retina. Using the SIM-A9 microglial cell line, we further demonstrated that GH reduces NF\u03baB pathway activation and suppresses LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. At 14 days post-injury, GH-treated retinas exhibited reduced optic nerve size and improved optomotor responses, indicating both structural neuroprotection and functional recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, GH mitigates ONC-induced retinal inflammation by reducing proinflammatory signaling and preserving microglial architecture, thereby protecting retinal integrity and function. These findings highlight the potential of GH as a therapeutic agent for retinal neurodegenerative conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1636399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T05:22:50Z","timestamp":1757049770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Growth hormone reduces retinal inflammation and preserves microglial morphology after optic nerve crush in male rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jerusa E.","family":"Balderas-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Epardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Siqueiros-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricela","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Quintanar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ar\u00e1mburo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0495","article-title":"Peripheral administration of GH induces cell proliferation in the brain of adult hypophysectomized rats","volume":"201","author":"Aberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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