{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:32:01Z","timestamp":1787873521503,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to traumatic stress can lead to psychopathology, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but may also cause inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction. Clinical evidence suggests that exposure to traumatic stress, independent of psychopathology development, may be sufficient to induce pathophysiological sequelae, but this has not been thoroughly investigated. Using a novel model of repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) that allows for both sexes, we explored links between the behavioral and physiological consequences of this paradigm. RSDS was sufficiently able to elevate systemic inflammation in both male and female mice, with no observed sex differences. RSDS also induced a heightened blood pressure sensitization response to low dose exogenous angiotensin II (AngII), suggesting the model was also sufficient in generating cardiovascular pathology. Interestingly, the RSDS-induced sensitization to AngII was completely abrogated in mice lacking T-lymphocytes (i.e., Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice). Of note, Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice demonstrated similar pro-social and anxiety-like behavior to wild-type mice, inferring that (1) differences in these behavioral outcomes do not explain the loss of RSDS-induced AngII sensitization in Rag2<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice and (2) T-lymphocytes do not appear to impact these specific RSDS-induced behaviors. Indeed, intra-animal correlations demonstrate a tight association between the inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences post-RSDS, but no associations between these parameters with behavior. Together, our data suggest that exposure to traumatic stress, independent of psychopathology, is sufficient to induce pathophysiology. These findings have significant clinical implications, specifically for individuals who have experienced traumatic stress without the development of psychopathology, as this overlooked population may have similar risks of developing somatic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1691047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:31:14Z","timestamp":1760679074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychological trauma increases blood pressure sensitivity to angiotensin II via T-lymphocytes independent of psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Case","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Natour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatlock H.","family":"Lauten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra M.","family":"Moshfegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safwan K.","family":"Elkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14525","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14525","article-title":"Role of brain renin-angiotensin system in depression: a new perspective","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1590\/s2317-17822013000200017","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)","volume":"25","author":"Battle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.67","article-title":"Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: a meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"21","author":"Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2016.08.006","article-title":"Inflammation in adult women with a history of child maltreatment: the involvement of mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress","volume":"30","author":"Boeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-2432-9","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of selected autoimmune diseases among US military personnel","volume":"20","author":"Bookwalter","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.9","article-title":"Gene networks specific for innate immunity define post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"20","author":"Breen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma","volume":"55","author":"Breslau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000376","article-title":"Risk for incident hypertension associated with PTSD in military veterans, and the effect of PTSD treatment","volume":"79","author":"Burg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0770-5","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"Burg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05075","article-title":"Redox-regulated suppression of splenic T-lymphocyte activation in a model of sympathoexcitation","volume":"65","author":"Case","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00929-9","article-title":"Predicting susceptibility and resilience in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"10","author":"Colucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.019","article-title":"Current status of animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder: behavioral and biological phenotypes, and future challenges in improving translation","volume":"83","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F","article-title":"Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"110","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907888","article-title":"Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults","volume":"71","author":"Dube","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.031","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation is strongly linked to elevated zero maze behavior in repeated social defeat stress","volume":"90","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.05.007","article-title":"T-lymphocyte tyrosine hydroxylase regulates T H 17 T-lymphocytes during repeated social defeat stress","volume":"104","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.05.004","article-title":"Splenic denervation attenuates repeated social defeat stress-induced T-lymphocyte inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Elkhatib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4374","article-title":"Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk","volume":"71","author":"Eraly","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32167","article-title":"Blood-based gene-expression predictors of PTSD risk and resilience among deployed marines: a pilot study","author":"Glatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22710","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship between anxiety disorders and circulating levels of inflammatory markers: Results from a large longitudinal population-based study","volume":"35","author":"Glaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053136","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1053136","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin system: The underlying mechanisms and promising therapeutical target for depression and anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070657","article-title":"Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction","volume":"204","author":"Guzik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163576","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and hypertension","volume":"57","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16136","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415191111","article-title":"Individual differences in the peripheral immune system promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stress","volume":"111","author":"Hodes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.04.009","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and their possible effects on cognitive function in women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"102","author":"Imai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00049","article-title":"Circulating levels of hormones, lipids, and immune mediators in post-traumatic stress disorder - a 3-month follow-up study","volume":"6","author":"Jergovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0068-5","article-title":"Central nervous system neuroplasticity and the sensitization of hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04975","article-title":"Renal transporter activation during angiotensin-II hypertension is blunted in interferon-gamma\u2212\/\u2212 and interleukin-17A\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"65","author":"Kamat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000035087.11758.ED","article-title":"A mouse model of angiotensin II slow pressor response: role of oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Kawada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21848","article-title":"National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria","volume":"26","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.09.018","article-title":"Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions","volume":"131","author":"Krishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.109","article-title":"Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study","volume":"64","author":"Kubzansky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3908061","article-title":"The Role of IL-17 and Related Cytokines in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.013","article-title":"T H 17\/Treg lymphocyte balance is regulated by beta adrenergic and cAMP signaling","volume":"123","author":"Lauten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.227629","article-title":"Role of interleukin 17 in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and vascular function in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice","volume":"31","author":"Madhur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.145094","article-title":"Interleukin 17 promotes angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction","volume":"55","author":"Madhur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.02.002","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Maloley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32763","article-title":"Genetics of resilience: Implications from genome-wide association studies and candidate genes of the stress response system in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression","volume":"183","author":"Maul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00103","article-title":"Autonomic and Redox Imbalance Correlates With T-Lymphocyte Inflammation in a Model of Chronic Social Defeat Stress","volume":"13","author":"Moshfegh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2022.12.002","article-title":"S100a9 protects against the effects of repeated social defeat stress","volume":"3","author":"Moshfegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs422","article-title":"Interleukin-17 causes Rho-kinase-mediated endothelial dysfunction and hypertension","volume":"97","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300689","article-title":"Examining a comprehensive model of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder in systematically studied survivors of 10 disasters","volume":"102","author":"North","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2530","article-title":"Stein: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease: State of the Science, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Opportunities","volume":"6","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.06.015","article-title":"Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in iraq and afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"77","author":"O'Donovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.07.009","article-title":"Inhibition of Interleukin 17-A but not Interleukin-17F Signaling Lowers Blood Pressure and Reduces End-organ Inflammation in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Saleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059236","article-title":"A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events","volume":"8","author":"Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00923-1","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin system in PTSD: a replication and extension","volume":"46","author":"Seligowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2014.09.005","article-title":"Sex differences in PTSD resilience and susceptibility: Challenges for animal models of fear learning","volume":"1","author":"Shansky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"e2305778120","article-title":"Social stress induces autoimmune responses against the brain to promote stress susceptibility","volume-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA","author":"Shimo","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1180","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11344","article-title":"The Implication of Combat Stress and PTSD Trajectories in Metabolic Syndrome and Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"78","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.07.003","article-title":"Substantial reduction of naive and regulatory T cells following traumatic stress","volume":"23","author":"Sommershof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.020","article-title":"Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Inflammatory and Endothelial Function Markers in Women","volume":"82","author":"Sumner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.11.013","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder onset and inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers in women","volume":"69","author":"Sumner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02330-8","article-title":"Psychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"13","author":"Sumner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.11.005","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Inflammation: Untangling Issues of Bidirectionality","volume":"87","author":"Sumner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"241","article-title":"Increased cellular reaction to damage caused by angiotensin in arterioles of normal recipient rats after transfer of lymphocytes from hypertensive rats","volume":"81","author":"Svendsen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. A"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"The importance of thymus for hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease in rats and mice","volume":"1978","author":"Svendsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12811-8","article-title":"Establishment of a repeated social defeat stress model in female mice","volume":"7","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001496","article-title":"Associations of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder with the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system in the general population","volume":"49","author":"Terock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.05.026","article-title":"Differential activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system in response to childhood and adulthood trauma","volume":"107","author":"Terock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e413","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.56","article-title":"Association of trauma exposure with proinflammatory activity: a transdiagnostic meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Tursich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.024","article-title":"Blood-based gene-expression biomarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployed marines: A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Tylee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.12.025","article-title":"Alterations of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Telomere Length With Early Adversity and Psychopathology","volume":"79","author":"Tyrka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029142","article-title":"Cytokine production by leukocytes of military personnel with depressive symptoms after deployment to a combat-zone: a prospective, longitudinal study","volume":"6","author":"van Zuiden","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.06.009","article-title":"Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"41","author":"von K\u00e4nel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e25bd","article-title":"Emotional neglect in childhood and cerebral infarction in older age","volume":"79","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1621283","article-title":"Common pathways and communication between the brain and heart: connecting post-traumatic stress disorder and heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2023.03.005","article-title":"Repeated Social Defeat Stress Induces an Inflammatory Gut Milieu by Altering the Mucosal Barrier Integrity and Gut Microbiota Homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094075","article-title":"Dysregulation in microRNA expression is associated with alterations in immune functions in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1691047\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:31:15Z","timestamp":1760679075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1691047\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2025.1691047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2025.1691047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"article-number":"1691047"}}