{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:36:32Z","timestamp":1784774192094,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is classically known for mediating inflammatory pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, the role of TLR3 in nigrostriatal degeneration in PD remains unclear. Here, we observed that TLR3 is predominantly expressed on astrocytes in the substantia nigra in both human PD brain and in rat PD models induced by intra-MFB injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Interestingly, Poly I: C, an activator of TLR3, significantly induced TLR3 expression on astrocytes. Treatment with Poly I: C markedly attenuated nigral dopamine neuron death in the PD rat models. The survival of dopamine neurons was accompanied by the production of ciliary neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor-B on astrocytes in Poly I: C-treated PD rats. The attenuation of dopamine neuron death was also observed in the Poly I: C-treated AAV2-h\u03b1-syn-A53T-induced rat PD model. Our findings suggest that activating TLR3 in astrocytes could be a potential therapeutic strategy for attenuating PD progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2026.1746731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:34:34Z","timestamp":1770183274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["TLR3 activation in astrocytes attenuates the nigrostriatal pathway degeneration in rodent models of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jaeyeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Yoon","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Cheul","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Kwan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun S.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]},{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05299-1","article-title":"Polyinosinic Polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) induces neuronal cell death through NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation in human microglia and neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"63","author":"Altahrawi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. 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