{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:29:45Z","timestamp":1776900585889,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NINDS grant","award":["R01 NS113921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS113921"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is frequently complicated by seizures that persist despite therapeutic hypothermia (HT), suggesting injury mechanisms insensitive to HT. Here, we tested the hypothesis that astrocytic glutamate\u2013aspartate transporter (GLAST) abnormalities in the neocortex contribute to cortical hyperexcitability and seizure burden after HIE, and that HT mitigates this astrocyte-mediated mechanism. We examined the vulnerability of GLAST in the neocortex of human neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and in a piglet model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We determined how GLAST immunoreactivity localization associates with HT outcome in clinical and experimental settings. Brain sections from postmortem human autopsy cases of term neonatal HIE and piglets (2\u20133\u202fdays old,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f5\u20136\/group) were used to localize GLAST and glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) across cortical layer I-III in the somatosensory cortex. Piglets received continuous 4-channel epidural EEG recording under normothermia (NT) or mild HT (38\u202f\u00b0C to 34\u202f\u00b0C with rewarming; 29\u202fh), with hypoxic-asphyxic cardiac arrest and resuscitation, or a sham procedure. Piglet survival was assessed over 7\u202fdays. Neuropathology was identified by the number of damaged neurons and GLAST puncta metrics. EEG-seizure metrics, including ictal event frequency, duration, spike\u2013wave events, and power spectral density (PSD), were quantified using a custom seizure classification pipeline. GLAST localization in human HIE cortex was significantly abnormal compared to non-HIE control cases, characterized by perisomatic aggregation and reduced neuropil density. HI in piglets reproduced these GLAST abnormalities, including apparent aggregation, that correlated with seizure burden and neuronal pathology. HT attenuated the GLAST pathology in HI piglets at perisomatic locations to the level of sham, particularly in layers II-III, delayed seizure onset by ~24\u202fh, and significantly reduced ictal event frequency (to lower than 5 events per 4\u202fh) and duration (to less than 20\u202fs per event). These findings identify prominent GLAST pathology in newborn humans and piglet HIE. HT partially restores astrocytic GLAST localization that is temporally associated with reduced seizure burden in piglets. We conclude that astrocytic glutamate transport abnormalities contribute to cortical hyperexcitability and seizures in neonatal HIE.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2026.1758411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:19:34Z","timestamp":1771910374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prominent astrocytic GLAST pathology occurs in newborn human and piglet hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy: modeling relationships among laminar neuropathology, seizures, and therapeutic hypothermia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dongseok","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62967-z","article-title":"Multiband entropy-based feature-extraction method for automatic identification of epileptic focus based on high-frequency components in interictal iEEG","volume":"10","author":"Akter MostS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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