{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:55:10Z","timestamp":1791464110309,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebral ischemic injury is a severe neurological disorder necessitating effective therapeutic strategies. Neuregulin-1\u03b2 (NRG1\u03b2) and microRNAs are critical for neuroprotection, but the mechanisms by which NRG1\u03b2 regulates microRNAs in neuronal injury are not fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We characterized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through their phenotypic markers and multilineage differentiation potential, confirming NRG1\u03b2 overexpression in engineered MSCs. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to isolate and characterize exosomes.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies evaluated the effects of MSC\/NRG1\u03b2-exosomes on OGD-treated HT-22 neuronal cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mesenchymal stem cells\/NRG1\u03b2-exosomes significantly enhanced HT-22 neuronal survival while reducing apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment reduced oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and boosting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. It also inhibited inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6. Studies conducted\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a middle cerebral artery occlusion model demonstrated that MSC\/NRG1\u03b2-exosomes led to a reduction in infarct size, enhanced histopathological results 24 h after injury. Mechanistically, these exosomes were enriched with miR-296-3p, targeting monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) for downregulation. Inhibition of miR-296-3p or MAOA overexpression negated the protective effects of MSC\/NRG1\u03b2-exosomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that exosomes derived from NRG1\u03b2-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury by upregulating miR-296-3p. This microRNA targets MAOA, leading to a reduction in apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of MSC\/NRG1\u03b2-exosomes and the miR-296-3p\/MAOA signaling axis in the treatment of ischemic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2026.1809758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:39:33Z","timestamp":1785130773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["NRG1\u03b2-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate oxygen-glucose deprivation-mediated neuronal injury via the miR-296-3p\/MAOA axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kuihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou","place":["Fujian, China"]},{"name":"900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Fuzhou","place":["Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian 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