{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:46:43Z","timestamp":1785818803453,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Growth hormone (GH) has been implicated in immune regulation, but its effects on microglia\/macrophages during neuroinflammation remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we investigated the impact of GH on microglia\/macrophages activation using complementary\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    approaches. In LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia, GH induced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses, accompanied by morphological features consistent with reduced cellular activation.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , GH administration in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) delayed disease onset and significantly reduced disease duration, severity, and cumulative clinical score. GH also affected peripheral immune responses, as evidenced by decreased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-17 by lymph node cells draining the site of the immunization. However, the major effect of GH was observed in the central nervous system, where GH profoundly altered the inflammatory amoeboid morphology of microglia\/macrophages typically observed at the EAE peak. Quantitative morphometric, skeleton, and fractal analyses of microglia\/macrophages demonstrated reduced process complexity, decreased cell area and perimeter, increased circularity and solidity, reduced fractal dimension and lacunarity, and diminished branching parameters, accompanied by increased iNOS expression at the EAE peak. GH treatment prevented these changes, restoring microglia\/macrophages morphological complexity and attenuating pro-inflammatory features. Collectively, these findings indicate that GH modulates neuroinflammatory responses by regulating the microglia\/macrophages activation state, supporting a more ramified, surveillant microglia\/macrophages phenotype. This positions GH as a disease phase-sensitive regulator of neuroinflammatory processes relevant to autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2026.1828468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:47Z","timestamp":1785817667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth hormone restrains inflammatory activity of microglia\/macrophages in CNS autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Anica","family":"Zivkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Lazarevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Laketa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0110or\u0111e","family":"Miljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Lavrnja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_324","article-title":"Immune cell contributors to the female sex bias in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"62","author":"Alvarez-Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03126-3","article-title":"Therapeutic role of interferon-\u03b3 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated through a tolerogenic subset of splenic CD11b+ myeloid cells","volume":"21","author":"Arellano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960363","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/960363","article-title":"Creatine-kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery","volume":"2012","author":"Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636399","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1636399","article-title":"Growth hormone reduces retinal inflammation and preserves microglial morphology after optic nerve crush in male rats","volume":"19","author":"Balderas-M\u00e1rquez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.21608\/ejh.2022.125333.1652","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of growth hormone against cuprizone induced multiple sclerosis in the cerebellar cortex of adult female albino rat (histological, immunohistochemical and radiological study)","volume":"46","author":"Bekheet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-024-09933-6","article-title":"Central and peripheral regulation of the GH\/IGF-1 axis: GHRH and beyond","volume":"26","author":"Bioletto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia6010002","article-title":"Sex and region-specific differences in microglial morphology and function across development","volume":"6","author":"Bishnoi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24224","article-title":"Animal models of multiple sclerosis: focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"96","author":"Bjelobaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161214153108","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammation: the overview of current and prospective therapies","volume":"23","author":"Bjelobaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118372","article-title":"Benfotiamine attenuates inflammatory response in Lps stimulated Bv-2 microglia","volume":"10","author":"Bozic","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00351","article-title":"Benfotiamine upregulates antioxidative system in activated BV-2 microglia cells","volume":"9","author":"Bozic","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"164","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44081-1_7","volume-title":"Redox State as a Central Regulator of Plant-Cell Stress Responses","author":"Csisz\u00e1r","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39023-1","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing hormone signaling promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2683","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) promotes autoimmune uveitis by enhancing Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"63","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease","author":"Esimo","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24971","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels are associated with improved white matter recovery after traumatic brain injury","volume":"82","author":"Feeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00235","article-title":"Microglia morphological categorization in a rat model of neuroinflammation by hierarchical cluster and principal components analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Arjona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113177","article-title":"Lymphocyte counts and multiple sclerosis therapeutics: between mechanisms of action and treatment-limiting side effects","volume":"10","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075","article-title":"Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research","volume":"129","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23091-2","article-title":"Comparisons of quantitative approaches for assessing microglial morphology reveal inconsistencies, ecological fallacy, and a need for standardization","volume":"12","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001","article-title":"Expression, regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system","volume":"19","author":"Hattori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Growth Hormon. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7866","article-title":"GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils","volume":"86","author":"Hattori","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00410","article-title":"Induction of NTPDase1\/CD39 by reactive microglia and macrophages is associated with the functional state during EAE","volume":"13","author":"Jakovljevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.03.006","article-title":"Macrophages: a double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"160","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198","article-title":"Overview of general and discriminating markers of differential microglia phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Jurga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00051","article-title":"Fractal, multifractal, and lacunarity analysis of microglia in tissue engineering","volume":"3","author":"Karperien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125434","article-title":"Early cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of rhGH therapy in adult patients with severe growth hormone deficiency: impact on oxidative stress parameters","author":"Ko\u015bciuszko","year":"26","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070608","article-title":"Upregulation of tolerogenic pathways by the hydrogen sulfide donor Gyy4137 and impaired expression of H2S-producing enzymes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lazarevi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730","article-title":"The balance of Th17 versus Treg cells in autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2015.02.004","article-title":"Skeletal muscle findings in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"211","author":"Luque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102188","article-title":"Microglia as therapeutic targets for central nervous system remyelination","volume":"63","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236357","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress effects on different macromolecules in adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"15","author":"Mancini","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164044","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1164044","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone act as anti-inflammatory factors improving sensory recovery in female rats with thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402302","article-title":"A comparative analysis of multiple sclerosis-relevant anti-inflammatory properties of ethyl pyruvate and dimethyl fumarate","volume":"194","author":"Miljkovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-37","article-title":"Methylprednisolone inhibits IFN-gamma and IL-17 expression and production by cells infiltrating central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Miljkovi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073561","article-title":"Agmatine mitigates inflammation-related oxidative stress in Bv-2 cells by inducing a pre-adaptive response","volume":"23","author":"Milosevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.08.015","article-title":"Growth hormone and protein metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Moller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.09.082","article-title":"Kinetics of IFN-gamma and IL-17 expression and production in active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in dark Agouti rats","volume":"447","author":"Momcilovi\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(95)00937-o","article-title":"Vascular permeability to growth hormone in the rat central nervous system after focal spinal cord injury. Influence of a new anti-oxidant H 290\/51 and age","volume":"23","author":"Mustafa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113476","article-title":"The emerging role of microglia in the development and therapy of multiple sclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Nan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.05.023","article-title":"Delayed and chronic treatment with growth hormone after endothelin-induced stroke in the adult rat","volume":"204","author":"Pathipati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00269","article-title":"Dynamic responses of microglia in animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Plastini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.22","article-title":"Growth hormone\u2014past, present and future","volume":"14","author":"Ranke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020606","article-title":"Growth hormone promotes motor function after experimental stroke and enhances recovery-promoting mechanisms within the peri-infarct area","volume":"21","author":"Sanchez-Bezanilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56017-6","article-title":"Growth hormone-mediated reprogramming of macrophage transcriptome and effector functions","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm-23-65","article-title":"Investigative algorithms for disorders affecting plasma lactate dehydrogenase: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Shipman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Brain macrophage development, diversity and dysregulation in health and disease","author":"Silvin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"111","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor on the proliferation rate and morphology of raw 264.7 macrophages","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomed. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"776","article-title":"Growth hormone reprograms macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory and reparative profile in an MAFB-dependent manner","author":"Soler Palacios","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200259","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1200259","article-title":"Growth hormone remodels the 3D-structure of the mitochondria of inflammatory macrophages and promotes metabolic reprogramming","volume":"14","author":"Soler Palacios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579739","article-title":"Immunology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Sospedra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.044","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor deficiency protects against age-related Nlrp3 Inflammasome activation and immune senescence","volume":"14","author":"Spadaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P3.155","DOI":"10.1212\/Wnl.82.10_supplement.P3.155","article-title":"Pilot trial of recombinant human growth hormone for remyelination in multiple sclerosis: current status and preliminary safety analysis (P3.155)","volume":"82","author":"Stoppe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198943","article-title":"Evaluation of phenotypic and functional stability of raw 264.7 cell line through serial passages","volume":"13","author":"Taciak","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2302032","article-title":"Impact of growth hormone on microglial and astrocytic function","volume":"23","author":"Tavares","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1189","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1189","article-title":"Cell death of spinal cord Ed1(+) cells in a rat model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Trifunovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082423-041334","article-title":"Central nervous system macrophages in health and disease","volume":"43","author":"Van Hove","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-018-0109-x","article-title":"Regulatory B and T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: friends or foes?","volume":"9","author":"Vasileiadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auto Immun. Highlights"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes24032","article-title":"Growth hormone, hypothalamic inflammation, and aging","volume":"33","author":"Velloso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01165","article-title":"Inhibitory role of growth hormone in the induction and progression phases of collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Villares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314985110","article-title":"Growth hormone prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes","volume":"110","author":"Villares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137236","article-title":"Central growth hormone action regulates neuroglial and proinflammatory markers in the hypothalamus of male mice","volume":"806","author":"Wasinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57648","DOI":"10.3791\/57648","article-title":"Quantifying microglia morphology from photomicrographs of immunohistochemistry prepared tissue using ImageJ","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115837","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis influences GH-axis in female rats","volume":"25","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2026.1828468\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:27:49Z","timestamp":1785817669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncel.2026.1828468\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncel.2026.1828468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2026.1828468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1828468"}}