{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:00:33Z","timestamp":1785128433105,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The axon initial segment (AIS) is a key structure for fine-tuning neuronal excitability. It plays a particularly important role during development across many sensory systems, where it contributes to network refinement and the adjustment of excitability levels. In the visual cortex, the AIS undergoes a significant period of plasticity that helps adjust neuronal excitability during key developmental stages such as eye opening and the onset of binocular vision. This development is tightly regulated by numerous factors, including glial cells. The calcium-binding protein S100\u03b2, which is primarily expressed in astrocytes, has previously been implicated in axonal development. We therefore asked whether it might also contribute to the normal development of the AIS in the visual cortex. Here, we characterize the consequences of S100\u03b2 loss on AIS development and examine its impact on neuronal excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2026.1895033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:25:19Z","timestamp":1785126319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deletion of the calcium-binding protein S100\u03b2 alters axon initial segment development in the visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yanis","family":"Inglebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le cerveau et l\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Sanz-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le cerveau et l\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danna Quetzali Chavez","family":"Lorenzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le cerveau et l\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lafaverges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le cerveau et l\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlette","family":"Kolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le cerveau et l\u2019apprentissage (CIRCA), Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al","place":["QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6709","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3068-19.2020","article-title":"Structural and functional refinement of the axon initial segment in avian cochlear nucleus during development.","volume":"40","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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