{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:21:54Z","timestamp":1787026914669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) have axons that branch peripherally to innervate the orofacial region and project centrally to several motor nuclei in brainstem. The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMV) resides in the brainstem and takes a role in visceral motor function such as pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study aimed to demonstrate the presence of Vme\u2013DMV circuit, activation of which would elicit a trigeminal neuroendocrine response. A masticatory dysfunctional animal model termed unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model created by disturbing the dental occlusion was used. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected into the inferior alveolar nerve of rats to help identify the central axon terminals of Vme neurons around the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive motor neurons in the DMV. The level of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) expressed in DMV, the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expressed in pancreas, the level of glucagon and insulin expression in islets and serum, and the blood glucose level were detected and compared between UAC and the age matched sham-operation control mice. Data indicated that compared with the controls, there were more CTb\/VGLUT1 double labeled axon endings around the ChAT positive neurons in the DMV of UAC groups. Mice in UAC group expressed a higher VGLUT1 protein level in DMV, AChE protein level in pancreas, glucagon and insulin level in islet and serum, and higher postprandial blood glucose level, but lower fasting blood glucose level. All these were reversed at 15-weeks when UAC cessation was performed from 11-weeks (all,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). Our findings demonstrated Vme\u2013DMV circuit\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    which the aberrant occlusion elicited a trigeminal neuroendocrine response such as alteration in the postprandial blood glucose level. Dental occlusion is proposed as a potential therapeutic target for reversing the increased postprandial glucose level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.638000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:02:33Z","timestamp":1615507353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Excitatory Impact of Dental Occlusion on Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mianjiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunkui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2016-0018","article-title":"The role of ghrelin in the regulation of glucose homeostasis","volume":"26","author":"Alamri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902160106","article-title":"Distribution of cholinergic neurons in rat brain: demonstrated by the immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase","volume":"216","author":"Armstrong","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36764","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104578200","article-title":"Molecular and functional analysis of a novel neuronal vesicular glutamate transporter","volume":"276","author":"Bai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0100","article-title":"Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era","volume":"38","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90846-N","article-title":"Morphology and distribution of efferent vagal innervation of rat pancreas as revealed with anterograde transport of Dil","volume":"553","author":"Berthoud","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.51","article-title":"Islet \u03b1 cells and glucagon\u2013critical regulators of energy homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01311-1","article-title":"CNS regulation of glucose homeostasis: role of the leptin-melanocortin system","volume":"20","author":"da Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1275","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00187.2006","article-title":"Chronic antidiabetic and cardiovascular actions of leptin: role of CNS and increased adrenergic activity","volume":"291","author":"da Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00077.2019","article-title":"Impact of leptin deficiency compared with neuronal-specific leptin receptor deletion on cardiometabolic regulation","volume":"317","author":"do Carmo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.01.042","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase: from 3D structure to function","volume":"187","author":"Dvir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2003.11.005","article-title":"VGLUTs define subsets of excitatory neurons and suggest novel roles for glutamate","volume":"27","author":"Fremeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00068","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.68","article-title":"Relationship between diet\/exercise and pharmacotherapy to enhance the GLP-1 levels in type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.06.015","article-title":"Effects of mastication on glucose metabolism in rats, with emphasis on differences in properties of food consumed whilst breeding","volume":"56","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000574","article-title":"Postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery: from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Honka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903300203","article-title":"Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: a cyto- and chemoarchitectonic study in the human","volume":"330","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00532-5","article-title":"CNS sites involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the pancreas: a viral tracing study","volume":"766","author":"Jansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13217","article-title":"Cortisol dysregulation: the bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1391","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.04.006","article-title":"Emotion regulation and cortisol reactivity to a social-evaluative speech task","volume":"34","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1076\/ejom.34.2.95.13018","article-title":"Fine structure and synaptic organization of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the cat: a quantitative electron microscopic study","volume":"34","author":"Lazarov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Morphol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57176-3","article-title":"The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the cat","author":"Lazarov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1350","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00493.2005","article-title":"Ghrelin acts on the dorsal vagal complex to stimulate pancreatic protein secretion","volume":"290","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12579","article-title":"Dental malocclusion stimulates neuromuscular circuits associated with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12331","article-title":"Proprioceptive mechanisms in occlusion-stimulated masseter hypercontraction","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00174","article-title":"Malocclusion generates anxiety-like behavior through a putative lateral habenula-mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus pathway","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.11.014","article-title":"Reducing dietary loading decreases mouse temporomandibular joint degradation induced by anterior crossbite prosthesis","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1082","article-title":"Changes of temporomandibular joint and semaphorin 4D\/Plexin-B1 expression in a mouse model of incisor malocclusion","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.019","article-title":"Impact of postprandial glucose control on diabetes-related complications: how is the evidence evolving?","volume":"30","author":"Madsbad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.04.015","article-title":"Effects of nitric oxide synthase blockade on dorsal vagal stimulation-induced pancreatic insulin secretion","volume":"1394","author":"Mussa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.066472","article-title":"The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and regulation of pancreatic secretory function","volume":"98","author":"Mussa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21047","article-title":"Expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 immunoreactivity in peripheral and central endings of trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurons in the rat","volume":"498","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vinegar consumption can attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses; a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"127","author":"Shishehbor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0310","article-title":"Effects of thirty-times chewing per bite on secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in healthy volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"60","author":"Sonoki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1490313","article-title":"Gender differences in the associations between cortisol and insulin in healthy subjects","volume":"149","author":"Stolk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(84)90008-0","article-title":"Descending pathways from hypothalamus to dorsal motor vagus and ambiguus nuclei in the rat","volume":"11","author":"ter Horst","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12112","article-title":"Cartilage degradation in temporomandibular joint induced by unilateral anterior crossbite prosthesis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1606647","article-title":"MTORC1 coordinates the autophagy and apoptosis signaling in articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritic temporomandibular joint","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.09.006","article-title":"Vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms: the essential players in the somatosensory systems","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12304","article-title":"Installing and thereafter removing an aberrant prosthesis elicited opposite remodelling responses in growing mouse temporomandibular joints","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517748562","article-title":"Osteochondral interface stiffening in mandibular condylar osteoarthritis","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.12.009","article-title":"Unilateral anterior crossbite induces aberrant mineral deposition in degenerative temporomandibular cartilage in rats","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3643","article-title":"Prevention of injury-induced osteoarthritis in rodent temporomandibular joint by targeting chondrocyte CaSR","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13274","article-title":"Effects of occlusion modification on the remodelling of degenerative mandibular condylar processes","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neural Circuits"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2021.638000\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:02:35Z","timestamp":1615507355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2021.638000\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncir.2021.638000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2021.638000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"article-number":"638000"}}