{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:34:11Z","timestamp":1780587251672,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper-extremity hemiplegia after stroke remains a significant clinical problem. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is vital to the motor recovery outcomes of chronic stroke patients. Therefore, rebuilding the descending motor tract from the SMA to the paralyzed limb is a potential approach to restoring arm motor function after stroke. Paired associative stimulation (PAS), which is based on Hebbian theory, is a potential method for reconstructing the connections in the impaired motor neural circuits. The study described in this protocol aims to assess the effects of cortico\u2013peripheral Hebbian-type stimulation (HTS), involving PAS, for neural circuit reconstruction to rescue the paralyzed arm after stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is a 4-month double-blind randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. We will recruit 90 post-stroke individuals with mild to moderate upper limb paralysis. Based on a 1:1 ratio, the participants will be randomly assigned to the HTS and sham groups. Each participant will undergo 5-week HTS or sham stimulation. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, immediately after the 5-week treatment, and at a 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome will be the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). The secondary outcomes will be Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) parameters. The adverse events will be recorded throughout the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper-limb paralysis in stroke patients is due to neural circuit disruption, so the reconstruction of effective motor circuits is a promising treatment approach. Based on its anatomical structure and function, the SMA is thought to compensate for motor dysfunction after focal brain injury at the cortical level. Our well-designed randomized controlled trial will allow us to analyze the clinical efficacy of this novel Hebbian theory-based neuromodulation strategy regarding promoting the connection between the cortex and peripheral limb. The results may have significance for the development and implementation of effective neurorehabilitation treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>www.ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>], identifier [ChiCTR2000039949].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.789095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T10:16:29Z","timestamp":1644488189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Using Hebbian-Type Stimulation to Rescue Arm Function After Stroke: Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Yue","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Xin","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Qiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Yun","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.014","article-title":"Causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke.","volume":"55","author":"Anne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.072","article-title":"Microsurgical and tractographic anatomy of the supplementary motor area complex in humans.","volume":"95","author":"Baran","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2015.08.002","article-title":"Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation to reduce pain or improve sensorimotor impairments: a literature review on parameters of application and afferents recruitment.","volume":"45","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. 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