{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:44:58Z","timestamp":1792640698900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A plethora of neural centers in the central nervous system control the fundamental respiratory pattern. This control is ensured by neurons that act as pacemakers, modulating activity through chemical control driven by changes in the O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> balance. Most of the respiratory neural centers are located in the brainstem, but difficult to localize on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to their small size, lack of visually-detectable borders with neighboring areas, and significant physiological noise hampering detection of its activity with functional MRI (fMRI). Yet, several approaches make it possible to study the normal response to different abnormal stimuli or conditions such as CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> inhalation, induced hypercapnia, volitional apnea, induced hypoxia etc. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the majority of available studies on central respiratory control in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2022.982963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T05:12:16Z","timestamp":1663909936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["fMRI studies evaluating central respiratory control in humans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ciumas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Rheims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ryvlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005","article-title":"Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla","volume":"190","author":"Alheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.014","article-title":"The chemical neuroanatomy of breathing","volume":"164","author":"Alheid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00544","article-title":"Dysfunctional brain networking among autonomic regulatory structures in temporal lobe epilepsy patients at high risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00185","article-title":"Neuroimaging of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): insights from structural and resting-state functional MRI studies","volume":"10","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10460","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0045-15.2015","article-title":"Functional oxygen sensitivity of astrocytes","volume":"35","author":"Angelova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910250220","article-title":"Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation","volume":"25","author":"Bandettini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200007140-00012","article-title":"Breathlessness in humans activates insular cortex","volume":"11","author":"Banzett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0404-0","article-title":"Functional MRI of the brainstem: common problems and their solutions","volume":"25","author":"Beissner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00116","article-title":"Investigating the human brainstem with structural and functional MRI","volume":"8","author":"Beissner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.042","article-title":"fMRI of the brainstem using dual-echo EPI","volume":"55","author":"Beissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.081","article-title":"Advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brainstem","volume":"86","author":"Beissner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(12)62272-1","article-title":"The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction and perspective","volume":"68","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.048","article-title":"Separating respiratory-variation-related fluctuations from neuronal-activity-related fluctuations in fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Birn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20577","article-title":"The effect of respiration variations on independent component analysis results of resting state functional connectivity","volume":"29","author":"Birn","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.059","article-title":"The respiration response function: the temporal dynamics of fMRI signal fluctuations related to changes in respiration","volume":"40","author":"Birn","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI","volume":"34","author":"Biswal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2029","article-title":"Neuroimaging of cerebral activations and deactivations associated with hypercapnia and hunger for air","volume":"98","author":"Brannan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.007","article-title":"Reliable quantification of BOLD fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity despite poor breath-hold performance","volume":"83","author":"Bright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.12.002","article-title":"Role of chemoreceptors in mediating dyspnea","volume":"167","author":"Buchanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2010.02.002","article-title":"Blockade of airway sensory nerves and dyspnea in humans","volume":"23","author":"Burki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4406","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity in young subjects with sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"Buterbaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.018","article-title":"Methods for cleaning the BOLD fMRI signal","volume":"154","author":"Caballero-Gaudes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201005-0693OC","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment","volume":"183","author":"Canessa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225915","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity assessment with O2-CO2 exchange ratio under brief breath hold challenge","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51396-2","article-title":"The effect of anxiety on brain activation patterns in response to inspiratory occlusions: an fMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.029","article-title":"Influence of heart rate on the BOLD signal: the cardiac response function","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.048","article-title":"Relationship between respiration, end-tidal CO2 and BOLD signals in resting-state fMRI","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02236-5","article-title":"Altered cerebrovascular reactivity due to respiratory rate and breath holding: a BOLD-fMRI study on healthy adults","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.5.1822","article-title":"Effects of voluntary constraining of thoracic displacement during hypercapnia","volume":"63","author":"Chonan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.013","article-title":"Characterization and reduction of cardiac- and respiratory-induced noise as a function of the sampling rate (TR) in fMRI","volume":"89","author":"Cordes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0760","article-title":"Does hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation modulate the hemodynamic response to neural activation?","volume":"13","author":"Corfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127082","article-title":"Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates","volume":"10","author":"Critchley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0424","article-title":"Localization of cardiac-induced signal change in fMRI","volume":"9","author":"Dagli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.07.005","article-title":"Hypothalamic mechanisms coordinating cardiorespiratory function during exercise and defensive behaviour","volume":"142","author":"Dampney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.02.011","article-title":"Pontine and basal forebrain cholinergic interaction: implications for sleep and breathing","volume":"143","author":"Douglas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1952.5.1.1","article-title":"Alveolar CO2 and O2 during breath holding, expiration and inspiration","volume":"5","author":"Dubois","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1100-05.2005","article-title":"A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"25","author":"Dunckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.02.005","article-title":"Cortico-limbic circuitry and the airways: insights from functional neuroimaging of respiratory afferents and efferents","volume":"84","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.025","article-title":"Modulation of spontaneous breathing via limbic\/paralimbic-bulbar circuitry: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.00383.x","article-title":"Functional MRI localisation of central nervous system regions associated with volitional inspiration in humans","volume":"520","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108305","article-title":"Amygdala-driven apnea and the chemoreceptive origin of anxiety","volume":"170","author":"Feinstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-040510-130049","article-title":"Understanding the rhythm of breathing: so near, yet so far","volume":"75","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2020.10.007","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the sensation of dyspnea","volume":"59","author":"Fukushi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16385","article-title":"Medullary and hypothalamic functional magnetic imaging during acute hypoxia in tracing human peripheral chemoreflex responses","volume":"77","author":"Gerlach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200007)44:1<162::aid-mrm23>3.0.co;2-e","article-title":"Image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects in fMRI: RETROICOR","volume":"44","author":"Glover","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(68)90030-3","article-title":"The control of breath holding","volume":"5","author":"Godfrey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.031","article-title":"Mapping the end-tidal CO2 response function in the resting-state BOLD fMRI signal: spatial specificity, test-retest reliability and effect of fMRI sampling rate","volume":"104","author":"Golestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116874","article-title":"Controlling for the effect of arterial-CO2 fluctuations in resting-state fMRI: comparing end-tidal CO2 clamping and retroactive CO2 correction","volume":"216","author":"Golestani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00194.2017","article-title":"On the existence of a central respiratory oxygen sensor","volume":"123","author":"Gourine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03690","article-title":"ATP is a mediator of chemosensory transduction in the central nervous system","volume":"436","author":"Gourine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.5.2076","article-title":"Localization of putative neural respiratory regions in the human by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"76","author":"Gozal","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.14.6607","article-title":"Identification of human brain regions underlying responses to resistive inspiratory loading with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"92","author":"Gozal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135058100","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis","volume":"100","author":"Greicius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5687(97)00050-9","article-title":"Brain, breathing and breathlessness","volume":"109","author":"Guz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26606","article-title":"Confirmation of resting-state BOLD fluctuations in the human brainstem and spinal cord after identification and removal of physiological noise","volume":"78","author":"Harita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02240.x","article-title":"Regional brain activation in humans during respiratory and blood pressure challenges","volume":"25","author":"Harper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63274-6.00014-X","article-title":"Affective brain areas and sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"209","author":"Harper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00863.2004","article-title":"Hypercapnic exposure in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome reveals CNS respiratory control mechanisms","volume":"93","author":"Harper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21623","article-title":"Brainstem functional magnetic resonance imaging: disentangling signal from physiological noise","volume":"28","author":"Harvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00702.2002","article-title":"Neural responses during Valsalva maneuvers in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075740","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying breathing complexity","volume":"8","author":"Hess","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.8.9.694","article-title":"Effects of bilateral cerebral infarction on respiratory center sensitivity","volume":"8","author":"Heyman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.6.1053","article-title":"Threshold Pco2 for respiratory system in acute hypoxia of dogs","volume":"18","author":"Honda","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1971.30.4.540","article-title":"Alveolar gas exchanges and cardiovascular functions during breath holding with air","volume":"30","author":"Hong","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5687(98)00087-5","article-title":"Suprapontine control of respiration","volume":"114","author":"Horn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10447","article-title":"Blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI of cerebral gliomas during breath holding","volume":"19","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340211","article-title":"Retrospective estimation and correction of physiological fluctuation in functional MRI","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2011.03.006","article-title":"The relationship between BOLD signal and autonomic nervous system functions: implications for processing of \u201cphysiological noise\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Iacovella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0475-y","article-title":"The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology","volume":"67","author":"Ikeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12278","article-title":"Vascular reactivity maps in patients with gliomas using breath-holding BOLD fMRI","volume":"26","author":"Iranmahboob","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9629877","article-title":"An ICA investigation into the effect of physiological noise correction on dimensionality and spatial maps of intrinsic connectivity networks","volume":"2021","author":"Jarrahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.4.1011","article-title":"Metabolic alkalosis and hypoventilation in humans","volume":"136","author":"Javaheri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.019","article-title":"Integration of motion correction and physiological noise regression in fMRI","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100704","article-title":"Investigation of functional connectivity differences between voluntary respirations via mouth and nose using resting state fMRI","volume":"10","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1967.30.2.301","article-title":"Electrophysiologic basis for pontine apneustic center and its role in integration of the Hering-Breuer reflex","volume":"30","author":"Kahn","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10131","article-title":"Differential fMRI-BOLD signal response to apnea in humans and anesthetized rats","volume":"47","author":"Kannurpatti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1522-2594(199909)42:3<608::aid-mrm26>3.0.co;2-i","article-title":"Assessment of cerebral oxidative metabolism with breath holding and fMRI","volume":"42","author":"Kastrup","year":"","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0505","article-title":"Regional variability of cerebral blood oxygenation response to hypercapnia","volume":"10","author":"Kastrup","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B82","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow-related signal changes during breath-holding","volume":"20","author":"Kastrup","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.29.12.2641","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional cerebral blood oxygenation changes during breath holding","volume":"29","author":"Kastrup","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.044","article-title":"The impact of \u201cphysiological correction\u201d on functional connectivity analysis of pharmacological resting state fMRI","volume":"65","author":"Khalili-Mahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082525","article-title":"Apnea-induced cortical BOLD-fMRI and peripheral sympathoneural firing response patterns of awake healthy humans","volume":"8","author":"Kimmerly","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1240","article-title":"Physiological noise in oxygenation-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"46","author":"Kruger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.028","article-title":"Differentiating BOLD and non-BOLD signals in fMRI time series using multi-echo EPI","volume":"60","author":"Kundu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102060","article-title":"Altered brain connectivity in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) revealed using resting-state fMRI","volume":"24","author":"La","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(78)90134-2","article-title":"Arterial PO2 and PCO2 stimulus threshold for carotid chemoreceptors and breathing","volume":"34","author":"Lahiri","year":"1978","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016290","article-title":"Responses of phrenic motoneurones of the cat to stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei","volume":"380","author":"Lalley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.155","article-title":"Emotion circuits in the brain","volume":"23","author":"Ledoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0399","article-title":"Functional MRI of human brain during breath holding by BOLD and FAIR techniques","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S97449","article-title":"Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity within the default mode network subregions in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1168-0","article-title":"New insights on the role of the insular cortex and habenula in OSA","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0581-9","article-title":"Pulmonary gas exchange during apnoea in exercising men","volume":"86","author":"Lindholm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B97","first-page":"463","article-title":"Alveolar gas composition before and after maximal breath-holds in competitive divers","volume":"33","author":"Lindholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.095","article-title":"Neuroimaging of the periaqueductal gray: state of the field","volume":"60","author":"Linnman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2035","article-title":"Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger)","volume":"98","author":"Liotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.047","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) MRI with CO2 challenge: a technical review","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/s0730-725x(02)00595-7","article-title":"Detectability of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes during short breath hold duration","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116787","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity mapping using intermittent breath modulation","volume":"215","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00588.2005","article-title":"Neural sites involved in the sustained increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity induced by inspiratory capacity apnea: a fMRI study","volume":"100","author":"Macefield","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193854","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cortical thickness in females and males","volume":"13","author":"Macey","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep\/31.7.967","article-title":"Brain structural changes in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"31","author":"Macey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2003.09.002","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to expiratory loading in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"138","author":"Macey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.042","article-title":"A method for removal of global effects from fMRI time series","volume":"22","author":"Macey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00359.2004","article-title":"fMRI signal changes in response to forced expiratory loading in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Macey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.05.024","article-title":"Inspiratory loading elicits aberrant fMRI signal changes in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"151","author":"Macey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00969.2004","article-title":"Hypoxia reveals posterior thalamic, cerebellar, midbrain and limbic deficits in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Macey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.059","article-title":"Reproducibility of BOLD signal change induced by breath holding","volume":"45","author":"Magon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.506709","article-title":"Mapping cerebrovascular reactivity using blood oxygen level-dependent MRI in Patients with arterial steno-occlusive disease: comparison with arterial spin labeling MRI","volume":"39","author":"Mandell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.01.019","article-title":"The cerebellar fastigial nucleus contributes to CO2-H+ ventilatory sensitivity in awake goats","volume":"157","author":"Martino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01936-3","article-title":"Improving sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of individual brainstem activation","volume":"224","author":"Matt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1856OC","article-title":"Representation of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"176","author":"Mazzone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.01.058","article-title":"A bilateral cortico-bulbar network associated with breath holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"40","author":"Mckay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00641.2002","article-title":"Neural correlates of voluntary breathing in humans","volume":"95","author":"Mckay","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639782","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.639782","article-title":"The effect of CO2 on resting-state functional connectivity: Isocapnia vs. Poikilocapnia","volume":"12","author":"Mcketton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B120","volume-title":"The Human Body in Health and Disease.","author":"Memmler","year":"1992"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000144447","article-title":"Outline of the arcuate nucleus in the human medulla oblongata","volume":"92","author":"Mikhail","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Anat. (Basel)"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23258","article-title":"MICA-A toolbox for masked independent component analysis of fMRI data","volume":"37","author":"Moher Alsady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.05.003","article-title":"Respiratory challenge MRI: practical aspects","volume":"11","author":"Moreton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01324.2009","article-title":"Respiratory and Mayer wave-related discharge patterns of raphe and pontine neurons change with vagotomy","volume":"109","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.06.010","article-title":"Evidence for brainstem network disruption in temporal lobe epilepsy and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2010.05.001","article-title":"The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318173e830","article-title":"Abnormalities of respiratory control and the respiratory motor unit","volume":"14","author":"Nogues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-002-0067-1","article-title":"Breathing control in neurological diseases","volume":"12","author":"Nogues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087744","article-title":"Does respiratory drive modify the cerebral vascular response to changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide?","volume":"104","author":"Ogoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.078","article-title":"Central autonomic regulation in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Ogren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73693-8_62","article-title":"Chemosensitive neuronal network organization in the ventral medulla analyzed by dynamic voltage-imaging","volume":"605","author":"Okada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1948.152.3.674","article-title":"Alveolar gas changes during breath holding","volume":"152","author":"Otis","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2005.031625","article-title":"Breath-holding and its breakpoint","volume":"91","author":"Parkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2041","article-title":"Neuroimaging evidence implicating cerebellum in the experience of hypercapnia and hunger for air","volume":"98","author":"Parsons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102862","article-title":"Review: neuropathology findings in autonomic brain regions in SUDEP and future research directions","volume":"235","author":"Patodia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1375-09.2009","article-title":"Opioids depress cortical centers responsible for the volitional control of respiration","volume":"29","author":"Pattinson","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.007","article-title":"Determination of the human brainstem respiratory control network and its cortical connections in vivo using functional and structural imaging","volume":"44","author":"Pattinson","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2008.07.019","article-title":"Characterization of cardiac-related noise in fMRI of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"27","author":"Piche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.8.1811","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reserve in patients with carotid occlusive disease assessed by stable xenon-enhanced ct cerebral blood flow and transcranial Doppler","volume":"32","author":"Pindzola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608475","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.608475","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity mapping without gas challenges: a methodological guide","volume":"11","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20900","article-title":"BOLD contrast sensitivity enhancement and artifact reduction with multiecho EPI: parallel-acquired inhomogeneity-desensitized fMRI","volume":"55","author":"Poser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.114","article-title":"Measuring cerebrovascular reactivity: the dynamic response to a step hypercapnic stimulus","volume":"35","author":"Poublanc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819306-8.00001-0","article-title":"Chapter 1 - breathing and the nervous system","volume-title":"Aminoff\u2019s Neurology and General Medicine (Sixth Edition)","author":"Prasad","year":"2021"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.084","article-title":"Modeling of dynamic cerebrovascular reactivity to spontaneous and externally induced CO2 fluctuations in the human brain using BOLD-fMRI","volume":"186","author":"Prokopiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019503","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow during volitional expiration in man: a comparison with volitional inspiration","volume":"461","author":"Ramsay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B146","first-page":"1532","article-title":"Comparison of breath holding techniques for the calibration of FMRI measurements of oxygen metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.052","article-title":"Paced respiration with end-expiration technique offers superior BOLD signal repeatability for breath-hold studies","volume":"43","author":"Scouten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107850","article-title":"The cerebral cost of breathing: an FMRI case-study in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Sharman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1996.sp003911","article-title":"Behavioural and arousal-related influences on breathing in humans","volume":"81","author":"Shea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02723-6","article-title":"Astrocytes modulate brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating circuits and determine exercise capacity","volume":"9","author":"Sheikhbahaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00030.2015","article-title":"The ins and outs of breath holding: simple demonstrations of complex respiratory physiology","volume":"39","author":"Skow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"B152","first-page":"21","article-title":"Control of breathing and brain activation in human subjects seen by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"48","author":"\u0160mejkal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B153","first-page":"659","article-title":"Brain activation during volitional control of breathing","volume":"49","author":"\u0160mejkal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.004","article-title":"Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0081","article-title":"Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the mammalian brainstem","volume":"364","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112795","article-title":"CO2 blood oxygen level-dependent MR mapping of cerebrovascular reserve in a clinical population: safety, tolerability and technical feasibility","volume":"266","author":"Spano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880030307","article-title":"Echo-planar MR imaging of human brain oxygenation changes","volume":"3","author":"Stehling","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.85.2.181","article-title":"Oxygen saturation during breath-holding and during Apneas in sleep","volume":"85","author":"Strohl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00483","article-title":"Breath holding duration as a measure of distress tolerance: examining its relation to measures of executive control","volume":"4","author":"Sutterlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.48","article-title":"Comparison of cerebral vascular reactivity measures obtained using breath-holding and CO2 inhalation","volume":"33","author":"Tancredi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.140","article-title":"A resting-state functional connectivity study in patients at high risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(77)90119-0","article-title":"Ventilatory response of decorticate and decerebrate cats to hypoxia and CO2","volume":"29","author":"Tenney","year":"1977","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.026","article-title":"Breath holding reveals differences in fMRI BOLD signal in children and adults","volume":"25","author":"Thomason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00787","article-title":"Low frequency systemic hemodynamic \"noise\" in resting state BOLD fMRI: characteristics, causes, implications, mitigation strategies and applications","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10145","article-title":"Respiration-induced B0 fluctuations and their spatial distribution in the human brain at 7 Tesla","volume":"47","author":"Van De Moortele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.30.3.593","article-title":"Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular reactivity","volume":"30","author":"Vernieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.1.345","article-title":"Cortical substrates for the perception of dyspnea","volume":"128","author":"Von Leupoldt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/62\/1\/127","article-title":"Impact of physiological noise correction on detecting blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast in the breast","volume":"62","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv233","article-title":"Structural imaging biomarkers of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"138","author":"Wandschneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.015","article-title":"Investigation of spatial resolution, partial volume effects and smoothing in functional MRI using artificial 3D time series","volume":"41","author":"Weibull","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/s0730-725x(02)00563-5","article-title":"On the origin of respiratory artifacts in BOLD-EPI of the human brain","volume":"20","author":"Windischberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1023","article-title":"Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited\u2013again","volume":"2","author":"Worsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00768","article-title":"Aberrant awake spontaneous brain activity in obstructive sleep apnea: a review focused on resting-state EEG and resting-state fMRI","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20978582","article-title":"A novel method of quantifying hemodynamic delays to improve hemodynamic response and CVR estimates in CO2 challenge fMRI","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.068","article-title":"Correlated slow fluctuations in respiration, EEG and BOLD fMRI","volume":"79","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00353","article-title":"How breath-control can change your life: a systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing","volume":"12","author":"Zaccaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.08.015","article-title":"A functional MRI evaluation of frontal dysfunction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000157593.03470.3d","article-title":"Blood oxygen level-dependent MRI of cerebral CO2 reactivity in severe carotid stenosis and occlusion","volume":"36","author":"Ziyeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1176605","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neural Circuits"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2022.982963\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T05:57:52Z","timestamp":1678687072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2022.982963\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncir.2022.982963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2022.982963","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1176605","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1662-5110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"article-number":"982963"}}