{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:57:46Z","timestamp":1788670666960,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, are a prominent non-genetic cause of physical disabilities and brain damage in children. Alongside common symptoms like distinct facial features and neurocognitive deficits, sensory anomalies, including olfactory dysfunction, are frequently noted in FASD-afflicted children. However, the precise mechanisms underpinning the olfactory abnormalities induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) remain elusive. Utilizing rodents as a model organism with varying timing, duration, dosage, and administration routes of alcohol exposure, prior studies have documented impairments in olfactory system development caused by PAE. Many reported a reduction in the olfactory bulb (OB) volume accompanied by reduced OB neuron counts, suggesting the OB is a brain region vulnerable to PAE. In contrast, no significant olfactory system defects were observed in some studies, though subtle alterations might exist. These findings suggest that the timing, duration, and extent of fetal alcohol exposure can yield diverse effects on olfactory system development. To enhance comprehension of PAE-induced olfactory dysfunctions, this review summarizes key findings from previous research on the olfactory systems of offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2024.1408187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T04:45:01Z","timestamp":1715748301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the olfactory system development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Imamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786679","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.786679","article-title":"Novel perspectives on the development of the amygdala in rodents","volume":"15","author":"Aerts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109276","article-title":"BMPR-2 gates activity-dependent stabilization of primary dendrites during mitral cell remodeling","volume":"35","author":"Aihara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-4-29","article-title":"Fetal alcohol exposure leads to abnormal olfactory bulb development and impaired odor discrimination in adult mice","volume":"4","author":"Akers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00359","article-title":"Murine models for the study of fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders: an overview","volume":"8","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88832-9_29","article-title":"The sense of smell: role of the olfactory system in social behavior","volume-title":"Neuroscience in the 21st century: From basic to clinical","author":"Bakker","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(88)90036-0","article-title":"The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on odor associative learning in rats","volume":"10","author":"Barron","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(92)90009-y","article-title":"The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on behavioral and neuroanatomical components of olfaction","volume":"14","author":"Barron","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20941","article-title":"Time frame of mitral cell development in the mice olfactory bulb","volume":"496","author":"Blanchart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903240408","article-title":"Early postnatal alcohol exposure acutely and permanently reduces the number of granule cells and mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb: a stereological study","volume":"324","author":"Bonthius","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90044-w","article-title":"Acute and long-term neuronal deficits in the rat olfactory bulb following alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt","volume":"13","author":"Bonthius","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2013.03.002","article-title":"Impaired odor identification in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"47","author":"Bower","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6040052","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure affects progenitor cell numbers in olfactory bulbs and dentate gyrus of Vervet monkeys","volume":"6","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01177.x","article-title":"Sensory processing and adaptive behavior deficits of children across the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder continuum","volume":"34","author":"Carr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21967","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151221967","article-title":"Gypenosides protected the neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of neonatal rats that were prenatally exposed to ethanol","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13064-017-0079-0","article-title":"Differential timing of neurogenesis underlies dorsal-ventral topographic projection of olfactory sensory neurons","volume":"12","author":"Eerdunfu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0328-2","article-title":"Alcohol consumption by women before and during pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Ethen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14590","article-title":"Transcriptomic changes due to early, chronic intermittent alcohol exposure during forebrain development implicate WNT signaling, cell-type specification, and cortical regionalization as primary determinants of fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155126","article-title":"Gene expression profiling reveals a lingering effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on inflammatory-related genes during adolescence and adulthood","volume":"133","author":"Gano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01071.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance microscopy defines ethanol-induced brain abnormalities in prenatal mice: effects of acute insult on gestational day 7","volume":"34","author":"Godin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.01.019","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure selectively enhances young adult perceived pleasantness of alcohol odors","volume":"148","author":"Hannigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100903108","article-title":"Combined transcriptome analysis of fetal human and mouse cerebral cortex exposed to alcohol","volume":"108","author":"Hashimoto-Torii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901340304","article-title":"Autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb. I. Time of origin of neurons and neuroglia","volume":"134","author":"Hinds","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901460207","article-title":"Early neuron differentiation in the mouse of olfactory bulb. I. Light microscopy","volume":"146","author":"Hinds","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901690103","article-title":"Synapse formation in the mouse olfactory bulb. I. Quantitative studies","volume":"169","author":"Hinds","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0234","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0234-19.2019","article-title":"A novel birthdate-labeling method reveals segregated parallel projections of mitral and external tufted cells in the Main olfactory system","volume":"6","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2754","article-title":"Timing of neurogenesis is a determinant of olfactory circuitry","volume":"14","author":"Imamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2185","article-title":"Roles of continuous neurogenesis in the structural and functional integrity of the adult forebrain","volume":"11","author":"Imayoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103617","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of sensory processing behaviors in a large clinical sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"100","author":"Jirikowic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2023.1157224","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of the development of mouse olfactory system from prenatal to postnatal period","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81139-3","article-title":"Formation of precise connections in the olfactory bulb occurs in the absence of odorant-evoked neuronal activity","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043067","article-title":"Ethanol-induced face-brain dysmorphology patterns are correlative and exposure-stage dependent","volume":"7","author":"Lipinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00360-u","article-title":"Early onset of the rat olfactory bulb projections","volume":"70","author":"Lopez-Mascaraque","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4695(19991115)41:3<414::aid-neu9>3.0.co;2-f","article-title":"Alcohol exposure during the first two trimesters equivalent alters granule cell number and neurotrophin expression in the developing rat olfactory bulb","volume":"41","author":"Maier","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"168","article-title":"Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects","volume":"25","author":"Maier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01089-z","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading cause of interneuronopathy in humans","volume":"8","author":"Marguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx291","article-title":"The laminar Organization of Piriform Cortex Follows a selective developmental and migratory program established by cell lineage","volume":"29","author":"Martin-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.06.002","article-title":"Embryonic and postnatal development of mouse olfactory tubercle","volume":"98","author":"Martin-Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3319","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"134","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders in 4 US communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.68","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies","volume":"15","author":"May","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.023","article-title":"Gestational ethanol exposure alters the behavioral response to ethanol odor and the expression of neurotransmission genes in the olfactory bulb of adolescent rats","volume":"1252","author":"Middleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-5-20","article-title":"Axon fasciculation in the developing olfactory nerve","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22497","article-title":"Composition of the migratory mass during development of the olfactory nerve","volume":"518","author":"Miller","year":"","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0592-z","article-title":"Kcnn2 blockade reverses learning deficits in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"23","author":"Mohammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.08.014","article-title":"Acute prenatal exposure to ethanol and social behavior: effects of age, sex, and timing of exposure","volume":"216","author":"Mooney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24683","article-title":"Regional differences in mitral cell development in mouse olfactory bulb","volume":"527","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(85)90026-7","article-title":"Alerations in the development of the main olfactory bulb of the mouse after ethanol exposure","volume":"3","author":"Nyouist-Battie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12464","article-title":"Dysmorphogenic effects of first trimester-equivalent ethanol exposure in mice: a magnetic resonance microscopy-based study","volume":"38","author":"Parnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00921.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance microscopy defines ethanol-induced brain abnormalities in prenatal mice: effects of acute insult on gestational day 8","volume":"33","author":"Parnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00093","article-title":"A comparison of the different animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and their use in studying complex behaviors","volume":"2","author":"Patten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(79)90033-9","article-title":"Alcohol embryo- and fetopathy. Neuropathology of 3 children and 3 fetuses","volume":"41","author":"Peiffer","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00420-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9166-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.03.007","article-title":"Moderate fetal alcohol exposure impairs neurogenic capacity of murine neural stem cells isolated from the adult subventricular zone","volume":"229","author":"Roitbak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102439","article-title":"Cell-type and fetal-sex-specific targets of prenatal alcohol exposure in developing mouse cerebral cortex","volume":"24","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011974","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1011974","article-title":"Cell type-specific changes in Wnt signaling and neuronal differentiation in the developing mouse cortex after prenatal alcohol exposure during neurogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Sambo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on drug use and health: summary of National Findings, NSDUH series H-48","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz049","article-title":"Mental health and affect regulation impairment in fetal alcohol Spectrum disorder (FASD): results from the Canadian national FASD database","volume":"54","author":"Temple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13824","article-title":"Regional patterns of alcohol-induced neuronal loss depend on genetics: implications for fetal alcohol Spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Development of the olfactory system","volume-title":"The neurobiology of olfaction","author":"Treloar","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19991018)413:2<289::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Glomerular formation in the developing rat olfactory bulb","volume":"413","author":"Treloar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20266","article-title":"Development and topography of the lateral olfactory tract in the mouse: imaging by genetically encoded and injected fluorescent markers","volume":"66","author":"Walz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.947629","article-title":"Effects of all three trimester moderate binge alcohol exposure on the foetal hippocampal formation and olfactory bulb","volume":"29","author":"Washburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.07.003","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis and the olfactory system","volume":"89","author":"Whitman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01549.x","article-title":"Local and regional network function in behaviorally relevant cortical circuits of adult mice following postnatal alcohol exposure","volume":"35","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809804106","article-title":"Fetal ethanol exposure increases ethanol intake by making it smell and taste better","volume":"106","author":"Youngentob","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.6.1293","article-title":"Experience-induced fetal plasticity: the effect of gestational ethanol exposure on the behavioral and neurophysiologic olfactory response to ethanol odor in early postnatal and adult rats","volume":"121","author":"Youngentob","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.6.1306","article-title":"The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on voluntary ethanol intake in early postnatal and adult rats","volume":"121","author":"Youngentob","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neural Circuits"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1408187\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T04:45:08Z","timestamp":1715748308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1408187\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncir.2024.1408187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1408187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"article-number":"1408187"}}