{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:20:45Z","timestamp":1793578845279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common early symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, OD is not specific to PD, as approximatively 20% of the general population exhibit different forms of OD. To use olfactory measures for early Parkinson screening, it is crucial to distinguish PD-related OD from Non-Parkinsonian OD (NPOD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives and hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the structural changes associated with PD-related OD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) with NPOD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915), focusing on gray matter volumes and white matter fiber integrity in chemosensory regions. We hypothesized that PD-related OD presents specific structural alterations in these regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants underwent a 3\u2009T MRI scan, which included anatomical T1 and diffusion-weighted imaging. Gray and white matter integrity were assessed using both whole-brain analyses (voxel-based morphometry\u2014VBM and tract-based spatial statistics\u2014TBSS, respectively) and localized approaches, including regions of interest and tractography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PD patients exhibited significantly higher gray matter volume in the left insula using restricted regions-of-interest analyses, while no other significant gray or white matter differences were found between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural imaging of the gray matter, particularly the insula, but not of white matter, differentiates PD-related OD from NPOD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2024.1503841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T11:19:09Z","timestamp":1731496749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Specific structural changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease-related olfactory dysfunction compared to others forms of olfactory dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brosse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cilia","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"M\u00e9rida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Frasnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x","article-title":"Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: a study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients","volume":"51","author":"Afif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.11.001","article-title":"The neuronal correlates of intranasal trigeminal function-an ALE meta-analysis of human functional brain imaging data","volume":"62","author":"Albrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. 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