{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:17:55Z","timestamp":1780391875239,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor-imagery-based Brain-Machine Interface (MI-BMI) has been established as an effective treatment for post-stroke hemiplegia. However, the need for long-term intervention can represent a significant burden on patients. Here, we demonstrate that motor imagery (MI) instructions for BMI training, when supplemented with somatosensory stimulation in addition to conventional verbal instructions, can help enhance MI capabilities of healthy participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixteen participants performed MI during scalp EEG signal acquisition before and after somatosensory stimulation to assess MI-induced cortical excitability, as measured using the event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). The non-dominant left hand was subjected to neuromuscular electrical stimulation above the sensory threshold but below the motor threshold (St-NMES), along with passive movement stimulation using an exoskeleton. Participants were randomly divided into an intervention group, which received somatosensory stimulation, and a control group, which remained at rest without stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intervention group exhibited a significant increase in SMR-ERD compared to the control group, indicating that somatosensory stimulation contributed to improving MI ability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that somatosensory stimulation, combining electrical and mechanical stimuli, can improve MI capability and enhance the excitability of the sensorimotor cortex in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2024.1510324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:37:00Z","timestamp":1736235420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improved motor imagery skills after repetitive passive somatosensory stimulation: a parallel-group, pre-registered study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Kusano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seitaro","family":"Iwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Ushiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/6\/066004","article-title":"Achieving a hybrid brain\u2013computer interface with tactile selective attention and motor imagery","volume":"11","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00825-X","article-title":"Beta electroencephalograph changes during passive movements: sensory afferences contribute to beta event-related desynchronization in humans","volume":"331","author":"Alegre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00920-4","article-title":"Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror","volume":"353","author":"Altschuler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059414522229","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of EEG-based motor imagery brain-computer Interface robotic rehabilitation for stroke","volume":"46","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00030","article-title":"Brain-computer interface-based robotic end effector system for wrist and hand rehabilitation: results of a three-armed randomized controlled trial for chronic stroke","volume":"7","author":"Ang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0504","article-title":"Human movement-related potentials vs desynchronization of EEG alpha rhythm: a high-resolution EEG study","volume":"10","author":"Babiloni","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2995-5","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Bertani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.544","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke motor rehabilitation: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cervera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045396","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1045396","article-title":"Cortical processing during robot and functional electrical stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"7310","author":"Cho","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"048937","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/48937","article-title":"(2007) \u2018Vibrotactile feedback for brain-computer Interface operation\u2019","volume":"2007","author":"Cincotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"The role of somatosensory feedback for brain-machine interfaces applications","author":"Corbet","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.005","article-title":"Sensory threshold neuromuscular electrical stimulation fosters motor imagery performance","volume":"176","author":"Corbet","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016035","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab581d","article-title":"EEG artifact correction strategies for online trial-by-trial analysis","volume":"17","author":"De Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0020","article-title":"Motor imagery and stroke rehabilitation: a critical discussion","volume":"39","author":"De Vries","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01680.x","article-title":"Motor imagery in stroke patients, or plegic patients with spinal cord or peripheral diseases","volume":"126","author":"Dettmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00315","article-title":"Online and offline performance gains following motor imagery practice: a comprehensive review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies","volume":"10","author":"Di Rienzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00533-2","article-title":"Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality","volume":"112","author":"Ferree","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304001","article-title":"Body image distortions following spinal cord injury","volume":"84","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S206883","article-title":"Mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation: current perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X04000093","article-title":"The emulation theory of representation: motor control, imagery, and perception","volume":"27","author":"Grush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658","article-title":"Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: an fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Guillot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn036","article-title":"Motor planning, imagery, and execution in the distributed motor network: a time-course study with functional MRI","volume":"18","author":"Hanakawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687252","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.687252","article-title":"Directional decoding from EEG in a center-out motor imagery task with visual and Vibrotactile guidance","volume":"15","author":"Hehenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x","article-title":"Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach","volume":"10","author":"Hoddes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102850","article-title":"Now you see me, now you don\u2019t: adapting practice through target exclusion negatively impacts motor learning","volume":"79","author":"Hodges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00034026","article-title":"The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery","volume":"17","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00152","article-title":"Current change rate influences sensorimotor cortical excitability during neuromuscular electrical stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.665489","article-title":"Relationship between electrical brain responses to motor imagery and motor impairment in stroke","volume":"43","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-94","article-title":"Motor imagery and electrical stimulation reproduce corticospinal excitability at levels similar to voluntary muscle contraction","volume":"11","author":"Kaneko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2006.06.001","article-title":"Post-movement beta synchronization after kinesthetic illusion, active and passive movements","volume":"62","author":"Keinrath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2021.105705","article-title":"Using motor imagery practice for improving motor performance \u2013 a review","volume":"150","author":"Ladda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref36","author":"Leeb","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311425924","article-title":"Reduced upper limb sensation impairs mental chronometry for motor imagery after stroke: clinical and electrophysiological findings","volume":"26","author":"Liepert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg079","article-title":"Motor learning elicited by voluntary drive","volume":"126","author":"Lotze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21346","article-title":"Differences in electrical stimulation thresholds between men and women","volume":"63","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/01.npt.0000260567.24122.64","article-title":"The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) for assessing motor imagery in persons with physical disabilities: a reliability and construct validity study","volume":"31","author":"Malouin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24076","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24076","article-title":"Quantifying the role of motor imagery in brain-machine interfaces","volume":"6","author":"Marchesotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/s0013-4694(97)00022-2","article-title":"Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication","volume":"103","author":"McFarland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913697107","article-title":"Cortical activity during motor execution, motor imagery, and imagery-based online feedback","volume":"107","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1875-5","article-title":"Influence of touching an object on corticospinal excitability during motor imagery","volume":"196","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.073","article-title":"Influence of somatosensory input on corticospinal excitability during motor imagery","volume":"514","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405278015","article-title":"In search of the motor engram: motor map plasticity as a mechanism for encoding motor experience","volume":"11","author":"Monfils","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.052","article-title":"Event-related beta EEG-changes during passive and attempted foot movements in paraplegic patients","volume":"1137","author":"M\u00fcller-Putz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03683.2002","article-title":"Internally simulated movement sensations during motor imagery activate cortical motor areas and the cerebellum","volume":"22","author":"Naito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.04.005","article-title":"Removal of time-varying gradient artifacts from EEG data acquired during continuous fMRI","volume":"115","author":"Negishi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.014","article-title":"Imagery of motor actions: differential effects of kinesthetic and visual\u2013motor mode of imagery in single-trial EEG","volume":"25","author":"Neuper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)59014-4","article-title":"ERD\/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation","volume":"159","author":"Neuper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.02.002","article-title":"The Flinders handedness survey (FLANDERS): a brief measure of skilled hand preference","volume":"49","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294118811116","article-title":"Avoidance behavior prevents modification of fear memory during reconsolidation","volume":"123","author":"Nitta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.85.13235","article-title":"A Japanese version of the FLANDERS handedness questionnaire","volume":"85","author":"Okubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01157","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1157","article-title":"Implicit but not explicit extinction to threat-conditioned stimulus prevents spontaneous recovery of threat-potentiated startle responses in humans","volume":"9","author":"Oyarz\u00fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.432","article-title":"Rehabilitation with brain-computer Interface systems","volume":"41","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24390","article-title":"Brain\u2013computer interface boosts motor imagery practice during stroke recovery","volume":"77","author":"Pichiorri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00467.2013","article-title":"Brain oscillatory signatures of motor tasks","volume":"113","author":"Ramos-Murguialday","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23879","article-title":"Brain\u2013machine interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study","volume":"74","author":"Ramos-Murguialday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152563","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1152563","article-title":"Enhanced motor imagery of digits within the same hand via vibrotactile stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Ramu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2771329","article-title":"Mano: a wearable hand exoskeleton for activities of daily living and neurorehabilitation","volume":"3","author":"Randazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Robo. Auto. Lett."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.10.007","article-title":"Influence of motor imagination on cortical activation during functional electrical stimulation","volume":"126","author":"Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e3283441e98","article-title":"The clinical aspects of mirror therapy in rehabilitation: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Rothgangel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023","article-title":"Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: review and perspectives","volume":"341","author":"Ruffino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00835","article-title":"The modulatory effect of electrical stimulation on the excitability of the corticospinal tract varies according to the type of muscle contraction being performed","volume":"8","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051298","article-title":"Primary sensory and motor cortex excitability are co-modulated in response to peripheral electrical nerve stimulation","volume":"7","author":"Schabrun","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08637","article-title":"Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms","volume":"463","author":"Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011","article-title":"Statsmodels: Econometric and Modeling with Python","author":"Seabold","year":"2010","journal-title":"9th Python in Science Conference, Austin, 28 June-3 July, 2010"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311408917","article-title":"Effectiveness of hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"25","author":"Shindo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.164","article-title":"Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback","volume":"18","author":"Sitaram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0078-y","article-title":"Kinesthetic, but not visual, motor imagery modulates corticomotor excitability","volume":"168","author":"Stinear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552012005000124","article-title":"The reliability and validity study of the kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01092.2012","article-title":"Event-related desynchronization reflects downregulation of intracortical inhibition in human primary motor cortex","volume":"110","author":"Takemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.045","article-title":"Sensorimotor event-related desynchronization represents the excitability of human spinal motoneurons","volume":"297","author":"Takemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128641","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/128641","article-title":"\u2018Rehabilitation with Poststroke motor recovery: a review with a focus on neural plasticity\u2019","volume":"2013","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treat.t"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00617","article-title":"Mirror box training in hemiplegic stroke patients affects body representation","volume":"11","author":"Tosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109089","article-title":"Use of common average reference and large-Laplacian spatial-filters enhances EEG signal-to-noise ratios in intrinsic sensorimotor activity","volume":"353","author":"Tsuchimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2016.04.020","article-title":"\u2018Brain\u2013machine interfaces for rehabilitation of poststroke hemiplegia\u2019, in Progress in brain research","volume":"228","author":"Ushiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316666957","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted therapy for the upper limb after stroke: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Veerbeek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.074","article-title":"Enhancing sensorimotor BCI performance with assistive afferent activity: An online evaluation","volume":"199","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202951","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1202951","article-title":"Investigating the influence of functional electrical stimulation on motor imagery related \u03bc-rhythm suppression","volume":"17","author":"Yakovlev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.028","article-title":"Negative covariation between task-related responses in alpha\/beta-band activity and BOLD in human sensorimotor cortex: An EEG and fMRI study of motor imagery and movements","volume":"49","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-5-8","article-title":"Efficacy of motor imagery in post-stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Zimmermann-Schlatter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neural Circuits"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1510324\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:37:04Z","timestamp":1736235424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1510324\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fncir.2024.1510324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2024.1510324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5110"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5110","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"article-number":"1510324"}}