{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:25:44Z","timestamp":1768803944684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neural Circuits"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention across various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including epilepsy, depression, and stroke rehabilitation; however, its mechanisms of action on neural circuits remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a novel theoretical framework based on predictive coding that conceptualizes VNS effects through differential modulation of feedforward and feedback neural circuits. Based on recent evidence, we propose that VNS shifts the balance between feedforward and feedback processing through multiple neuromodulatory systems, resulting in enhanced feedforward signal transmission. This framework integrates anatomical pathways, receptor distributions, and physiological responses to explain the influence of the VNS on neural dynamics across different spatial and temporal scales. Vagus nerve stimulation may facilitate neural plasticity and adaptive behavior through acetylcholine and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which differentially modulate feedforward and feedback signaling. This mechanistic understanding serves as a basis for interpreting the cognitive and therapeutic outcomes across different clinical conditions. Our perspective provides a unified theoretical framework for understanding circuit-specific VNS effects and suggests new directions for investigating their therapeutic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2025.1568655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T05:19:13Z","timestamp":1744607953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vagus nerve stimulation as a predictive coding modulator that enhances feedforward over feedback transmission"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyo Isoguchi","family":"Shiramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.013","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy randomized to different amounts of electrical charge for treatment-resistant depression: acute and chronic effects","volume":"6","author":"Aaronson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16010034","article-title":"A 5-year observational study of patients with treatment-resistant depression treated with Vagus nerve stimulation or treatment as usual: comparison of response, remission, and suicidality","volume":"174","author":"Aaronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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