{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:55:36Z","timestamp":1790920536294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Comput. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established intervention for Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), whereas the network-level effects of prescribed periodic visual input implemented with 10 Hz base pulses remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We developed a conductance-based cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBT) model comprising 11 Hodgkin-Huxley neuronal populations and a prescribed periodic visual-input unit (RET) to compare 130 Hz subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS with the archived periodic visual-input condition on the same calibrated PD network. Primary conditions used\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 independent runs each. Additional analyses included an unpaired 0\u20135 mA\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      DBS-amplitude series, a matched-seed internal-globus-pallidus-to-thalamocortical-relay (GPi\u2192TC) sensitivity analysis at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 \u00d7 nominal coupling (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 per scale), and a matched-seed three-parameter \u00b120% local sensitivity analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5 per parameter-condition cell).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DBS reduced the model-internal STN synaptic-current beta measure from 0.0184 \u00b1 0.0060 to 0.0018 \u00b1 0.0004 a.u. (Holm-corrected\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), whereas periodic visual input increased thalamocortical relay (TC) and reticular thalamic (RE) firing and enhanced cortical pyramidal (PY) gamma (30\u201380 Hz) and narrowband 38\u201342 Hz power. Cortical PY firing was 4.86 \u00b1 0.84 Hz in PD, 5.28 \u00b1 0.87 Hz with DBS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.285 versus PD), and 10.33 \u00b1 0.85 Hz with periodic visual input (Holm-corrected\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.18 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u201310<\/jats:sup>\n                      versus PD). The ampltude series showed a non-monotonic STN response at 1 mA\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; from 2 to 5 mA\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , mean STN beta values occupied a narrow range of 0.00186\u20130.00212 a.u. In the GPi\u2192TC analysis, TC spontaneous firing remained 0 Hz in 30\/30 runs, and all 750,000 saved voltage samples were finite and subthreshold (\u201372.06 to \u201354.74 mV; no 0-mV crossings). Across the three-parameter analysis, DBS raw STN-beta suppression remained 88.9%\u201395.8%, and periodic visual input increased TC firing 3.70\u20134.29-fold relative to nominal PD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings show persistence across the tested dose, GPi\u2192TC, and three-parameter local domains but do not establish evoked relay fidelity, global parameter robustness, biological mechanisms, or clinical efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2026.1950516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:35:48Z","timestamp":1790919348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An in silico cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic testbed for comparing visual and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chun-Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Shuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Rong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ta","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Tsung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University","place":["Keelung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chii-Wann","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes","place":["Zhunan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.011","article-title":"Gamma entrainment binds higher-order brain regions and offers neuroprotection.","volume":"102","author":"Adaikkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017069108","article-title":"Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced \u03b1-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness.","volume":"107","author":"Ching","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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