{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:51:12Z","timestamp":1792727472819,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nephrol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to one USA Renal Data System report, 57% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases are attributed to hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy. Yet, trends in hypertension related ESRD mortality rates in adults \u2265 35 years of age have not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the different trends hypertension related ESRD death rates among adults in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Death records from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research) database were analyzed from 1999 to 2020 for hypertension related ESRD mortality in adults \u2265 35 years of age. Age-Adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons and annual percent change (APC) were calculated and stratified by year, sex, race\/ethnicity, place of death, and geographic location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension-related ESRD caused a total of 721,511 deaths among adults (aged \u2265 35 years) between 1999 and 2020. The overall AAMR for hypertension related ESRD deaths in adults was 9.70 in 1999 and increased all the way up to 43.7 in 2020 (APC: 9.02; 95% CI: 8.19-11.04). Men had consistently higher AAMRs than woman during the analyzed years from 1999 (AAMR men: 10.8 vs women: 9) to 2020 (AAMR men: 52.2 vs women: 37.2). Overall AAMRs were highest in Non-Hispanic (NH) Black or African American patients (45.7), followed by NH American Indian or Alaska Natives (24.7), Hispanic or Latinos (23.4), NH Asian or Pacific Islanders (19.3), and NH White patients (15.4). Region-wise analysis also showed significant variations in AAMRs (overall AAMR: West 21.2; South: 21; Midwest: 18.3; Northeast: 14.2). Metropolitan areas had slightly higher AAMRs (19.1) than nonmetropolitan areas (19). States with AAMRs in 90th percentile: District of Columbia, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and South Carolina, had roughly double rates compared to states in 10th percentile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall hypertension related ESRD AAMRs among adults were seen to increase in almost all stratified data. The groups associated with the highest death rates were NH Black or African Americans, men, and populations in the West and metropolitan areas of the United States. Strategies and policies targeting these at-risk groups are required to control the rising hypertension related ESRD mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2023.1339312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1705292451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Temporal trends in hypertension related end stage renal disease mortality rates: an analysis of gender, race\/ethnicity, and geographic disparities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Adarsh","family":"Raja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandesh","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafin Bin","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madiha","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bazil","family":"Azeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laksh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Hypertensive Kidney Disease - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics2023"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Hypertensive kidney disease: a true epidemic or rare disease","volume":"130","author":"Stomp\u00f3r","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/132405","article-title":"Hypertension in chronic kidney disease: Navigating the evidence","volume":"2011","author":"Tedla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Hypertension induced by drugs and other substances2023"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000168794","article-title":"Role of cocaine in end-stage renal disease in some hypertensive african americans","volume":"15","author":"Dunea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"58","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70183-X","article-title":"Hypertension-related renal injury: a major contributor to end-stage renal disease","volume":"22","author":"Gordon Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Congestive heart failure and renal complications"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70275-5","article-title":"Clinical documentation of end-stage renal disease due to hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Schlessinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diseases."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Kidney disease in Native Americans"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005010112","article-title":"Projecting the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2015","volume":"16","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.21.23287527v1","article-title":"The trend of hypertension-related chronic kidney disease from 1990 to 2019 and its predictions over 25 years: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80223-X","article-title":"Renal vascular disease causing end-stage renal disease, incidence, clinical correlates, and outcomes: a 20-year clinical experience","volume":"24","author":"Mailloux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.16225","article-title":"Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. 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