{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:29:08Z","timestamp":1780547348532,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nephrol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a well-established direct toxic effect of alcohol on renal cells, there is a salutary dose-dependent effect of alcohol consumption on common laboratory parameters related to kidney performance. Alcohol also impacts thyroid hormones, while thyroid status modulates kidney function. The modulation of kidney parameters with thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid status indicates a possible interaction between alcohol, kidney, and thyroid functions. This retrospective study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the positive effect of alcohol use on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is mediated by alcohol\u2019s effect on thyroid hormones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the electronic medical records of 767 hospitalized adult patients free of thyroid disorders who received medical care in the Mayo Clinic Health System from June 2019 through June 2022 and had blood alcohol concentration (BAC), serum TSH, and serum creatinine measured during the hospitalization. We calculated the eGFR using both the re-expressed Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD II) study equation and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Creatinine equation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a significant relationship of BAC with eGFR (CKD-EPI) and TSH in males only. BAC had a positive association with eGFR (b = 0.24, p = 0.0001) and negative with TSH (b=-0.17, p = 0.006). The covariance between the two outcomes (eGFR and TSH) was negative (b = -0.12, p = 0.049). The path analyses using the eGFR MDRD II equation were not significant in males, whereas females had no significant path analyses with either of the eGFR equations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that BAC influences both eGFR and TSH, whereas eGFR and TSH influence each other. After considering important covariates (e.g., age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic liver disease) and the negative bidirectional effect of TSH and eGFR, a positive impact of BAC on eGFR was observed in males.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2024.1322791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T08:33:19Z","timestamp":1723105999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bidirectional negative relationship between thyrotropin and kidney function during alcohol intoxication in males"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Hayrunnisa","family":"Unlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Yehia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Manji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Manji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s M.","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Cabeza De Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie F.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama A.","family":"Abulseoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15121","article-title":"A systematic review of relative risks for the relationship between chronic alcohol use and the occurrence of disease","volume":"47","author":"Levesque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071592","article-title":"A dose-dependent association between alcohol consumption and incidence of proteinuria and low glomerular filtration rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81777-5","article-title":"Effect of alcohol consumption on kidney function: population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061297","article-title":"Relation of alcohol intake to kidney function and mortality observational, population-based, cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Cirillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14112","article-title":"Alcohol drinking and the risk of chronic kidney damage: A meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-008-0075-6","article-title":"Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on renal function tests and oxidative stress in kidney","volume":"23","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq082","article-title":"Methanolic extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius attenuates renal dysfunction induced by chronic ethanol administration in Wistar rats","volume":"46","author":"Adaramoye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000064999","article-title":"Protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on absolute ethanol-induced renal toxicity in mice","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30901","article-title":"The role of ferroptosis in the development of acute and chronic kidney diseases","volume":"237","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00200.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in alcoholism","volume":"97","author":"Hermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.113724","article-title":"Impact of alcohol use on thyroid function","volume":"17","author":"Balhara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(80)80021-9","article-title":"Hormonal changes during alcohol intoxication and withdrawal","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"The hormonal effects of alcohol use on the mother and fetus","volume":"22","author":"Gabriel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.08.012","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with thyroid function: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the effects of alcohol abuse on the endocrine system","volume":"38","author":"Rachdaoui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.119","article-title":"Alcoholism and neuro-immune-endocrine interactions: physiochemical aspects","volume":"323","author":"Haddad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90100-X","article-title":"Independent effects of liver disease and chronic alcoholism on thyroid function and size: the possibility of a toxic effect of alcohol on the thyroid gland","volume":"37","author":"Hegedus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-5-930","article-title":"Decreased thyroid gland volume in alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"58","author":"Hegedus","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03123.x","article-title":"Effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on thyroid volume and thyroid function","volume":"68","author":"Valeix","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Alteration of thyroid hormone economy during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics","volume":"1","author":"Melander","year":"1982","journal-title":"Drug Nutr Interact"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770200122018","article-title":"Thyroid function in depression and alcohol abuse: a retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Kolakowska","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.9.1145","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in abstinent alcoholic men","volume":"140","author":"Loosen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02730.x","article-title":"Pituitary-thyroid function and thyrotropin, prolactin and growth hormone responses to TRH in patients with chronic alcoholism","volume":"220","author":"Agner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00016.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in chronic alcoholism. I. HPT axis in chronic alcoholics during withdrawal and after 3 weeks of abstinence","volume":"18","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Effect of chronic ethanol administration and abstinence on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and growth hormone concentrations in rats with high and low ethanol intake","volume":"22","author":"Mannisto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"The thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test in alcoholism","volume":"30","author":"Pienaar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Hormonal changes in noncirrhotic male alcoholics during ethanol withdrawal","volume":"19","author":"Valimaki","year":"1984","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00017.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in chronic alcoholism. II. Deiodinase activities and thyroid hormone concentrations in brain and peripheral tissues of rats chronically exposed to ethanol","volume":"18","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00290-5","article-title":"Thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat brain in an animal model of 'behavioral dependence' on ethanol","volume":"227","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl056","article-title":"Thyroid function in early and late alcohol withdrawal: relationship with aggression, family history, and onset age of alcoholism","volume":"41","author":"Ozsoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.7.8675588","article-title":"Ethanol decreases nocturnal plasma levels of thyrotropin and growth hormone but not those of thyroid hormones or prolactin in man","volume":"81","author":"Ekman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:22:3","article-title":"Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 5. Diurnal effects on plasma thyroid hormone levels","volume":"22","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Thyroid status in fifty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Schlienger","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-017-0645-6","article-title":"Effect of interaction between duration of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence on thyroid function test: cross sectional observational study","volume":"33","author":"Honnamurthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6521","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126521","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone levels","volume":"22","author":"Babic Leko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.5.972","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and thyroid hormone levels in males","volume":"26","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Smoking-related alterations in serum levels of thyroid hormones and insulin in female and male students","volume":"21","author":"Meral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Effect of smoking intensity on thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity and thyroid function: the Melen study","volume":"36","author":"Aydin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0197","article-title":"Effect of marijuana use on thyroid function and autoimmunity","volume":"27","author":"Malhotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000275","article-title":"The interaction between thyroid and kidney disease: an overview of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Rhee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9395-7","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease: An update","volume":"18","author":"Iglesias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000300","article-title":"The thyroid and the kidney: a complex interplay in health and disease","volume":"37","author":"Dousdampanis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0837","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease","volume":"160","author":"Iglesias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J endocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000329354","article-title":"Influence of thyroid function on different kidney function tests","volume":"35","author":"Kimmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Pressure Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35242","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and renal function: A crucial relationship to recognize","volume":"15","author":"Naguib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092958","article-title":"Cystatin C, a controversial biomarker in hypothyroid patients under levothyroxine therapy: THYRenal, a pilot cohort observational study","volume":"9","author":"Greco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106936","article-title":"Renal handling of sodium and water in the hypothyroid rat: Clearance and micropuncture studies","volume":"51","author":"Michael","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584426","article-title":"Tubular transport processes in proximal tubules of hypothyroid rats. Micropuncture studies on isotonic fluid, amino acid and buffer reabsorption","volume":"384","author":"De Santo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F596","article-title":"Maturation of proximal straight tubule NaCl transport: role of thyroid hormone","volume":"278","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb00601.x","article-title":"Mild hypothyroidism and oedema: evidence for increased capillary permeability to protein","volume":"18","author":"Wheatley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin endocrinol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102153440707","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system","volume":"344","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000368195","article-title":"Vascular function of the mesenteric artery isolated from thyroid hormone receptor-E knockout mice","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1996.6.505","article-title":"Acute effects of thyroid hormone on vascular smooth muscle","volume":"6","author":"Ojamaa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40631-7","article-title":"Blood volumes and renal function in overt and subclinical primary hypothyroidism","volume":"318","author":"Villabona","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.97.3.124","article-title":"Reversible myopathy and renal impairment","volume":"97","author":"Freeston","year":"2004","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045587","article-title":"Exacerbation of renal failure due to hypothyroidism in a patient with ischemic nephropathy","volume":"84","author":"Makino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1797.2003.00144.x","article-title":"Reversible acute renal failure associated with hypothyroidism: report of four cases with a brief review of literature","volume":"8","author":"Mooraki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfn158","article-title":"Renal impairment resulting from hypothyroidism","volume":"1","author":"Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"NDT plus"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.1.79","article-title":"Consistent reversible elevations of serum creatinine levels in severe hypothyroidism","volume":"159","author":"Kreisman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Internal Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90539-9","article-title":"Changes in renal function in primary hypothyroidism","volume":"27","author":"Montenegro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02236.x","article-title":"Correlation between severity of thyroid dysfunction and renal function","volume":"62","author":"Den Hollander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin endocrinol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu303","article-title":"The relationship between thyroid function and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3778","article-title":"Thyroid status and renal function in older persons in the general population","volume":"99","author":"Meuwese","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0372","article-title":"Recombinant human thyrotropin worsens renal cortical perfusion and renal function in patients after total thyroidectomy due to differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"30","author":"Saracyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0475","article-title":"Thyroid hormone replacement therapy attenuates the decline of renal function in chronic kidney disease patients with subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x","article-title":"Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)","volume":"84","author":"Sullivan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J addiction"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Methodology for analytical toxicology","author":"Sunshine","year":"1975"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.077180","article-title":"Expressing the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values","volume":"53","author":"Levey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14075","article-title":"A guideline for reporting mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies: the AGReMA statement","volume":"326","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.06.009","article-title":"Introduction to mediation analysis with structural equation modeling","volume":"25","author":"Gunzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061540","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and a decline in glomerular filtration rate: the Japan specific health checkups study","volume":"15","author":"Kimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.9.1048","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men","volume":"165","author":"Schaeffner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000863","article-title":"Renal impairment and moderate alcohol consumption in the elderly. Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA)","volume":"14","author":"Buja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh842","article-title":"Effect of alcohol consumption on estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance rate","volume":"20","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq188","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and kidney function decline in the elderly: alcohol and kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.06.014","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and progression of chronic kidney disease: results from the korean cohort study for outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"95","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134937","article-title":"Alcohol and exercise affect declining kidney function in healthy males regardless of obesity: A prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Kanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90017-V","article-title":"Thyrotropin and prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed and nondepressed alcoholic men","volume":"27","author":"Willenbring","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-5-715","article-title":"Acute effects of alcohol on anterior pituitary secretion of the tropic hormones","volume":"46","author":"Ylikahri","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05640-z","article-title":"Kidney disease and thyroid dysfunction: the chicken or egg problem","volume":"37","author":"Echterdiek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520281","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/520281","article-title":"Thyroid disorders and chronic kidney disease","volume":"2014","author":"Mohamedali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2008.007248","article-title":"The relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate and thyroid function: an observational study","volume":"45","author":"Woodward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019569","article-title":"Association between hypothyroidism and chronic kidney disease observed among an adult population 55 years and older","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.03.009","article-title":"Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and chronic kidney disease in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"75","author":"Gopinath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491069","article-title":"Association of thyroid function with the estimated glomerular filtration rate in a large chinese euthyroid population","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu126","article-title":"Thyroid hormone levels and incident chronic kidney disease in euthyroid individuals: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0705","article-title":"Association of thyroid function with estimated glomerular filtration rate in a population-based study: the HUNT study","volume":"164","author":"Asvold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070766","article-title":"The renal manifestations of thyroid disease","volume":"23","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000020674","article-title":"Renal expression of two 'thyroid-specific' genes: thyrotropin receptor and thyroglobulin","volume":"8","author":"Sellitti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.879","article-title":"Thyrotropin receptor expression in adrenal, kidney, and thymus","volume":"7","author":"Dutton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.3.8070347","article-title":"Studies on homologous desensitization of the thyrotropin receptor in 293 human embryonal kidney cells","volume":"135","author":"Nagayama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:15:3","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone on the renal dopaminergic system","volume":"15","author":"Del Compare","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002475","article-title":"Polyuria of thyrotoxicosis: downregulation of aquaporin water channels and increased solute excretion","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(96)00661-3","article-title":"Thyroid hormone upregulates Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta mRNA in primary cultures of proximal tubule cells","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00332.2006","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and Na+-K+-ATPase: more than simple transcription","volume":"292","author":"Otulakowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107243","article-title":"Renal sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase and sodium reabsorption in the hypothyroid rat","volume":"52","author":"Katz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000057421","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones on heart and kidney functions","volume":"25","author":"Capasso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1220577","article-title":"Sex steroids modulate the pituitary parameters involved in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat","volume":"122","author":"Donda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023","article-title":"Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations","volume":"156","author":"Erol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol dependence"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/depr.3050030107","article-title":"Sex differences in thyroid axis function: relevance to affective disorder and its treatment","volume":"3","author":"Whybrow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Depression"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1266424","article-title":"Sex difference in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a scoping review of clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Unlu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneph.2024.1322791\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T08:33:59Z","timestamp":1723106039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneph.2024.1322791\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneph.2024.1322791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneph.2024.1322791","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-0626"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-0626","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"article-number":"1322791"}}