{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:05:43Z","timestamp":1784786743337,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nephrol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent critical clinical condition primarily characterized by a sharp deterioration of renal function within 48 hours. Accumulating clinical evidence has demonstrated that AKI predisposes patients to multisystem complications, among which renal\u2013brain axis dysfunction is well recognized. This condition manifests as delirium, coma and stroke, also elevates the risk of chronic cognitive impairment, dementia and depression. Such complications not only increase short-term all-cause mortality but also severely impair the long-term quality of life in survivors, thereby placing a substantial socioeconomic burden on global healthcare systems. Current mechanistic investigations into AKI-associated brain dysfunction have predominantly centered on canonical pathological pathways, including systemic inflammatory response, oxidative stress, hippocampal neuronal injury, uremic toxin accumulation and others. Emerging evidence indicates that insulin resistance (IR) is highly prevalent in AKI patients and closely correlated with the pathophysiological progression of AKI. We will discuss the specific role of IR in AKI-induced cognitive impairment. Additionally, this review highlights the prospective application of combined multimodal neuroimaging and machine learning algorithms. By integrating readily available multidimensional clinical data, the establishment of early risk prediction models for AKI-related brain dysfunction can facilitate timely identification and precise intervention for high-risk populations. Furthermore, we elaborate the therapeutic potential of targeted anti-inflammatory strategies and natural bioactive compounds in ameliorating AKI-associated brain dysfunction. Collectively, this review provides novel insights for the development of optimized, safe and effective clinical interventions in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneph.2026.1867473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:38:15Z","timestamp":1784785095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research advances on acute kidney injury and brain dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyang","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury\n          \n          \n          \n          2012"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study","volume":"41","author":"Hoste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105515","article-title":"Association between acute kidney injury, delirium and outcomes in patients with critical illness: a protocol for a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kusirisin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0476OC","article-title":"Acute kidney injury as a risk factor for delirium and coma during critical illness","volume":"195","author":"Siew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1332-7","article-title":"Acute kidney injury is associated with impaired cognition and chronic kidney disease in a prospective cohort of children with severe malaria","volume":"17","author":"Conroy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000933","article-title":"The impact of acute kidney injury on the long-term risk of stroke","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04131-9","article-title":"Acute kidney injury-associated delirium: a review of clinical and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2279647","article-title":"Association of acute kidney injury with the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032652","article-title":"Medical and economic burden of delirium on hospitalization outcomes of acute respiratory failure: a retrospective national cohort","volume":"102","author":"Taha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Fact Sheets of Dementia\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96839-x","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of delirium on the intensive care unit in patients with acute kidney injury, insight from a retrospective registry","volume":"11","author":"J\u00e4ckel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2514186","article-title":"A machine learning-based prediction model for sepsis-associated delirium in intensive care unit patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273","article-title":"Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2024.100962","article-title":"Acute kidney injury, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: a cohort study of patients from SPRINT","volume":"7","author":"Nowak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209751","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and its association with dementia and specific dementia types: findings from a population-based study in Sweden","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000545963","article-title":"Association between acute kidney injury and dementia: a multi-database cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Dis (Basel)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/medsci\/2023033","article-title":"Aux sources de la compr\u00e9hensionde la maladie r\u00e9nale chronique [Towards understanding chronic kidney disease","volume":"39","author":"Vergnaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci (Paris)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1623500","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming in acute kidney injury: mechanisms, therapeutic advances, and clinical challenges","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105294","article-title":"Renal tubular epithelial cells response to injury in acute kidney injury","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00184.2024","article-title":"Transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease: mechanisms, models, and biomarkers","volume":"327","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf113","article-title":"The relationship between kidney health and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"148","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030092","article-title":"Toxic dimethylarginines: asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)","volume":"9","author":"Tain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1159\/000522132","article-title":"The dopamine system: insights between kidney and brain","volume":"47","author":"de Donato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-JBN-2018-0033","article-title":"The specific impact of uremic toxins upon cognitive domains: A review","volume":"41","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.10.013","article-title":"Higher baseline serum uric acid is associated with poorer cognition but not rates of cognitive decline in women","volume":"60","author":"Vannorsdall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26392","article-title":"Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity in the setting of acute kidney injury: A case series and discussion of preventive measures","volume":"14","author":"Bausch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01251-6","article-title":"Indoxyl sulphate-TNF\u03b1 axis mediates uremic encephalopathy in rodent acute kidney injury","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010033","article-title":"Biochemical and clinical impact of organic uremic retention solutes: a comprehensive update","volume":"10","author":"Vanholder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00963-0","article-title":"Drivers and mechanisms of cognitive decline in chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Capasso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1476386","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine induces maladaptive function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"12","author":"Buzhdygan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101067","article-title":"Uraemia suppresses central dopaminergic metabolism and impairs motor activity in rats","volume":"27","author":"Adachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000101","article-title":"Medication management in the critically ill patient with acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Behal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-016-0205-1","article-title":"Identifying high-risk medications associated with acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Slater","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020165","article-title":"Brain GABA function and psychosis","volume":"173","author":"Kegeles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0021-y","article-title":"Neurotoxicity induced by beta-lactam antibiotics: from bench to bedside","volume":"24","author":"Chow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac271","article-title":"Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Maan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-020-00827-1","article-title":"Anticholinergic burden does not influence delirium subtype or the delirium-mortality association in hospitalized older adults: results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Rawle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.05.026","article-title":"Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in a frail geriatric population","volume":"65","author":"Laurila","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-017-0455-9","article-title":"The comparative risk of delirium with different opioids: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Swart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148478","article-title":"Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveals neutrophil diversity and spatial heterogeneity in acute kidney injury","volume":"331","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.125930","article-title":"Targeting CDC42 protects mitochondrial function through KLF2\/HIF-1\u03b1\/PINK1 signaling in acute kidney injury","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.10.032","article-title":"Crosstalk between the nervous system and the kidney","volume":"97","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/137072","article-title":"Mediators of inflammation in acute kidney injury","volume":"2009","author":"Akcay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000473","article-title":"Acute kidney injury, systemic inflammation, and long-term cognitive function: ASSESS-AKI","volume":"19","author":"Bhatraju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14363","article-title":"Microglia dysfunction drives disrupted hippocampal amplitude of low frequency after acute kidney injury","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648278","article-title":"Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals sepsis-related neurovascular dysfunction in the human hippocampus","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062440","article-title":"Impact of peripheral inflammation on blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its role in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"26","author":"Beltran-Velasco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/IJBMS.2022.62015.13729","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairment consequences to acute kidney injury: protective role of ellagic acid","volume":"25","author":"Sarkaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112993","article-title":"Effect of renal ischemia reperfusion on brain neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007080901","article-title":"Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.131","article-title":"Kidney-brain crosstalk in the acute and chronic setting","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00129","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system and microglial polarization: implications for aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Labandeira-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.508","article-title":"Association between fluid overload and delirium\/coma in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"7","author":"Ouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acute Med Surg"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1163-7","article-title":"Fluid overload and acute kidney injury: Cause or consequence","volume":"19","author":"Ostermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.05.034","article-title":"Fluid resuscitation in acute kidney injury: Too much of a good thing","volume":"108","author":"Babroudi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200495","article-title":"Hypotension and a positive fluid balance are associated with delirium in patients with shock","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873241271642","article-title":"Fluid excess on intensive care unit after mechanical thrombectomy after acute ischemic stroke is associated with unfavorable neurological and functional outcomes: An observational cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Schell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004464","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in acute ischemic stroke patients in clinical trials","volume":"48","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066616673973","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in sepsis for the intensivist: Why its monitoring may be the future of individualized care","volume":"33","author":"Goodson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00850122","article-title":"The pathophysiology of sepsis-associated AKI","volume":"17","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-23-38","article-title":"The association of coagulation indicators with in-hospital acute kidney injury and Malignant events of patients with acute aortic dissection: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03176-4","article-title":"Ketamine attenuates kidney damage and depression-like behaviors in mice with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1436-1","article-title":"Astrocytic ceramide as possible indicator of neuroinflammation","volume":"16","author":"de Wit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01554-z","article-title":"Endocrinological disorders in acute kidney injury: An often overlooked field of clinical research","volume":"36","author":"Copur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000547081","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in endocrine emergencies","volume":"50","author":"Petejova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2021.01.004","article-title":"Serum sclerostin in acute kidney injury patients","volume":"42","author":"Fayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nefrologia (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.05.026","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 promotes acute kidney injury by alleviating poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 degradation","volume":"102","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs290","article-title":"Role of insulin resistance in kidney dysfunction: Insights into the mechanism and epidemiological evidence","volume":"28","author":"De Cosmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102581","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of insulin resistance: focusing on the role of HOMA-IR and tryglyceride\/glucose index","volume":"16","author":"Tahapary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2449199","article-title":"Investigation of the connection between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and the risk of acute kidney injury in septic patients - a retrospective analysis utilizing the MIMIC-IV database","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29257","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index predicts sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and length of stay in sepsis: A MIMIC-IV cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04420-0","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a valuable predictor for aged 65-years and above in critical delirium patients: evidence from a multi-center study","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02769-2","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: A multicenter retrospective analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1521850","article-title":"Associations between triglyceride-glucose indices and delirium risk in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216607","article-title":"Role of peripheral and central insulin resistance in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Alagiakrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.09.034","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of indirubin-3'-monoxime, a GSK\u03b2 inhibitor in high fat diet induced cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"452","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101462","article-title":"Modeling sporadic Alzheimer's disease in human brain organoids under serum exposure","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03155.x","article-title":"A biochemical and functional characterization of diet-induced brain insulin resistance","volume":"93","author":"Mielke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108940","article-title":"Glutaredoxin 2 (GRX2) deficiency exacerbates high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain injury: a mechanism involving GSK-3\u03b2","volume":"118","author":"Wohua","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20250965","article-title":"ApoE-calypse tau: ApoE-tau synergy in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"222","author":"Lennol","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005214","article-title":"Midlife insulin resistance, APOE genotype, and late-life brain amyloid accumulation","volume":"90","author":"Ekblad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104592","article-title":"Amyloid \u03b2-induced inflammarafts in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172728","article-title":"Role of microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: From neuroinflammation to Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation","volume":"11","author":"Di Benedetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1256","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"51","author":"Peila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2024.100034","article-title":"Enhancing dementia prediction: A 19-year validation of the CAIDE risk score with insulin resistance and APOE \u03f54 integration in a population-based cohort","volume":"12","author":"Pietil\u00e4","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708300","article-title":"Counteracting the effects of TNF receptor-1 has therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Steeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200705042","article-title":"Deletion of tumor necrosis factor death receptor inhibits amyloid beta generation and prevents learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's mice","volume":"178","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01108.x","article-title":"Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: Its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain","volume":"83","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00859-z","article-title":"Downregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome mediated pyroptosis in sepsis-induced AKI","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00008","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in clinical kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Ruchfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.07.02","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor meditates MPP+\/MPTP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia cells","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.03.003","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF): Potential role in cognitive impairment disorders","volume":"77","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107868","article-title":"Inhibition of neuroinflammation by MIF inhibitor 3-({[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl]thio}1methyl)benzoic acid (Z-312)","volume":"98","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08997-7","article-title":"MIF downregulation attenuates neuroinflammation via TLR4\/MyD88\/TRAF6\/NF-\u03baB pathway to protect dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease model","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.886421","article-title":"Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity attenuates haemorrhagic shock-induced multiple organ dysfunction in rats","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01629","article-title":"Functional reciprocity of amyloids and antimicrobial peptides: Rethinking the role of supramolecular assembly in host defense, immune activation, and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238448","article-title":"Emerging potential of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor ibudilast for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"27","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123511","article-title":"Ellagic acid modulates the amyloid precursor protein gene via superoxide dismutase regulation in the entorhinal cortex in an experimental Alzheimer's model","volume":"10","author":"Ramadan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120374","article-title":"Syringaresinol from Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl ameliorates cognitive deficits and AD pathology via AMPK in a DM-AD mouse model","volume":"353","author":"Manzoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116775","article-title":"Angiotensin 1 receptor antagonist attenuates acute kidney injury-induced cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity via modulating hippocampal oxidative stress","volume":"234","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.07.032","article-title":"Improvement in spatial memory dysfunction by telmisartan through reduction of brain angiotensin II and oxidative stress in experimental uremic mice","volume":"113","author":"Haruyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0256-5","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of intravenous ketamine as adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD)","volume":"25","author":"Fava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.016","article-title":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin-independent antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine in a social defeat stress model","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196388","article-title":"Blood purification in patients with sepsis associated with acute kidney injury: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Kamei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60126-X","article-title":"International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): A human rights case for nephrology","volume":"385","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.522883","article-title":"A high triglyceride-glucose index is associated with contrast-induced acute kidney injury in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1637119","article-title":"Comparison of the predictive value of different non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices for acute kidney injury in patients with sepsis: A retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-026-02184-2","article-title":"Estimated glucose disposal rate outperforms conventional insulin resistance indices in predicting acute kidney injury risk among individuals with diabetes and prediabetes","volume":"18","author":"Mai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12426","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index, Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers, and dementia in older adults: The MIND-China study","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S501569","article-title":"Association between four non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices and the risk of post-stroke depression","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1450825","article-title":"METS-IR as an important predictor of neurological impairment severity in patients with severe cerebral infarction: a multicenter study based on the Chinese population","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1513833","article-title":"Postoperative sepsis-associated neurocognitive disorder: mechanisms, predictive strategies, and treatment approaches","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220725","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0725","article-title":"Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659653","article-title":"A novel MRI-based deep learning-radiomics framework for evaluating cerebrospinal fluid signal in central nervous system infection","volume":"12","author":"C\u00fcce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35004-y","article-title":"Supervised deep learning with vision transformer predicts delirium using limited lead EEG","volume":"13","author":"Mulkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102132","article-title":"AI-powered integration of multimodal imaging in precision medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors12120264","article-title":"Investigating sepsis-associated delirium through optical neuroimaging: A new frontier in critical care research","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-026-02330-x","article-title":"Integrating multimodal neuroimaging for neurological disorders: A systematic framework for clinical translation","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneph.2026.1867473\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:38:18Z","timestamp":1784785098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneph.2026.1867473\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneph.2026.1867473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneph.2026.1867473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-0626"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-0626","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"1867473"}}