{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T06:10:03Z","timestamp":1756707003701,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Netw. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We propose a novel application of higher-order information-theoretic measures to assess the temporal interaction information (TII) between laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) and individual pain ratings in healthy subjects and patients with fibromyalgia (FM) affected by small fiber pathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy-nine FM patients, categorized into three groups based on skin biopsy findings (normal innervation n 19, proximal denervation n 53, and both proximal and distal denervation n 7), and 14 control subjects were studied. We used cluster-based permutation tests (p &amp;lt; 0.05) to identify significant clusters of TII between cortical components recorded using a 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) system - with focus on the Cz electrode - and subjective pain ratings to quantify synergy or redundancy between the LEP signal time points and Visual Analog Scale (VAS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Control subjects generally exhibited synergy clusters corresponding to N2 and P2 peaks, whereas patients with fibromyalgia (FM), particularly those with distal denervation, exhibited increased redundancy and decreased synergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with FM and small fiber pathology exhibited an alteration in higher-order integration mechanisms due to a complex interaction between cortical processing of pain and denervation of nociceptive fibers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the potential of TII in elucidating the complex interplay between peripheral nerve integrity and central sensitization in FM and other chronic pain disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1592518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1756704565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal interaction information and laser evoked responses: preliminary results in fibromyalgia patients with small fibers pathology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Livio","family":"Clemente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Stramaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Marinazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"de Tommaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0276-x","article-title":"Altered central sensitization and pain modulation in the CNS in chronic joint pain","volume":"13","author":"Arendt-Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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