{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:42:09Z","timestamp":1763534529934,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de La Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Netw. Physiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is often precipitated by reentrant arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), whose underlying dynamics are frequently sustained by spiral waves of electrical activity. Disrupting these waves can restore normal rhythm, but conventional low-energy pacing strategies are often ineffective in VF, where high-frequency, multi-wave interactions dominate. Resonant feedback-controlled antitachycardia pacing (rF-ATP), which times global electrical stimuli based on real-time feedback from the tissue, has been shown to robustly terminate single spirals under diverse conditions. However, its impact on interacting spiral waves\u2014arguably a more realistic substrate for life-threatening arrhythmias\u2014remains unexplored. Here, we use numerical simulations to investigate the effect of rF-ATP on figure-of-eight reentry, a clinically relevant configuration consisting of two counter-rotating spirals. We show that rF-ATP consistently terminates this pattern, regardless of feedback point location, through two distinct dynamical pathways: mutual collision of phase singularities or annihilation at inexcitable boundaries. We further demonstrate the method\u2019s efficacy across variations in feedback point and spiral arrangement, indicating robustness to geometrical and positional heterogeneity. These results highlight rF-ATP as a promising low-energy intervention for complex reentrant structures and provide mechanistic insight into feedback-driven control of multi-core spiral wave dynamics in cardiac tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1692372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:36:48Z","timestamp":1763534208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Termination of figure-of-eight reentry via resonant feedback pacing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Navneet","family":"Roshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupamanjari","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.08.025","article-title":"Cardiac sodium channel nav1.5 and interacting proteins: physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"48","author":"Abriel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012387582-2\/50038-1","article-title":"Paraview: an end-user tool for large data visualization","volume":"717","author":"Ahrens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Handb."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73544-z","article-title":"Analysis of complex excitation patterns using feynman-like diagrams","volume":"14","author":"Arno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128402","DOI":"10.1103\/5pgp-1wj6","article-title":"Strings, branes and twistons: topological analysis of phase defects in excitable media such as the heart","volume":"135","author":"Arno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.85.8.742","article-title":"Shock-induced figure-of-eight reentry in the isolated rabbit heart","volume":"85","author":"Banville","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011853","article-title":"Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres","volume":"268","author":"Beeler","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. physiology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1994.1132","article-title":"Design principles of a low voltage cardiac defibrillator based on the effect of feedback resonant drift","volume":"169","author":"Biktashev","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03217-y","article-title":"mir-221 and -222 target cacna1c and kcnj5 leading to altered cardiac ion channel expression and current density","volume":"77","author":"Binas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1103\/physreve.62.5986","article-title":"Feedback-controlled forcing of meandering spiral waves in an open gel reactor","volume":"62","author":"Braune","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.62.1619","article-title":"Defect-mediated turbulence","volume":"62","author":"Coullet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1993.tb01258.x","article-title":"Spiral wave activity: a possible common mechanism for polymorphic and monomorphic ventricular tachycardias","volume":"4","author":"Davidenko","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.8785","article-title":"Sustained vortex-like waves in normal isolated ventricular muscle","volume":"87","author":"Davidenko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056203","article-title":"Topological constraints on spiral wave dynamics in spherical geometries with inhomogeneous excitability","volume":"70","author":"Davidsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E\u2014Statistical, Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"e2117568119","article-title":"Terminating spiral waves with a single designed stimulus: teleportation as the mechanism for defibrillation","volume-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.","author":"DeTal","year":"2022"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013102","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.124.013102","article-title":"Atrial topology for a unified understanding of typical and atypical flutter","volume":"17","author":"Duytschaever","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.49.1.255","article-title":"Canine ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 8. Epicardial mapping of reentrant circuits","volume":"49","author":"El-Sherif","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90084-1","article-title":"Antitachycardia pacing and low-energy cardioversion for ventricular tachycardia termination: a clinical perspective","volume":"127","author":"Estes III","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1063\/1.166311","article-title":"Vortex dynamics in three-dimensional continuous myocardium with fiber rotation: filament instability and fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Fenton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chaos An Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2011.09.020","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"65","author":"Gazta\u00f1aga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol. English Ed."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1172\/jci15737","article-title":"Paradoxical resistance to diet-induced obesity in UCP1-deficient mice","volume":"111","author":"George","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1103\/physreva.41.1138","article-title":"Statistical properties of defect-mediated turbulence","volume":"41","author":"Gil","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19082","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9616674","article-title":"Spiral wave dynamics under pulsatory modulation of excitability","volume":"100","author":"Grill","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02889-7","article-title":"In silico optical modulation of spiral wave trajectories in cardiac tissue","volume":"475","author":"Hussaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv-European J. Physiology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00896.2002","article-title":"Functional reentry in cultured monolayers of neonatal rat cardiac cells","volume":"285","author":"Iravanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiology-Heart Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1335538","article-title":"An experimentalist\u2019s approach to accurate localization of phase singularities during reentry","volume":"29","author":"Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00638.x","article-title":"Quatrefoil reentry caused by burst pacing","volume":"17","author":"Janks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2004.06.029","article-title":"Control of spiral waves in excitable media","volume":"164","author":"Kheowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1039\/b110641b","article-title":"Transition from local to global feedback control of spiral wave dynamics","volume":"4","author":"Kheowan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00715.x","article-title":"Quatrefoil reentry in myocardium: an optical imaging study of the induction mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41076","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41076","article-title":"Optogenetics enables real-time spatiotemporal control over spiral wave dynamics in an excitable cardiac system","volume":"7","author":"Majumder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"093936","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5003259","article-title":"Dynamical mechanism of atrial fibrillation: a topological approach","volume":"27","author":"Marcotte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chaos An Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190124","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0124","article-title":"Electrophysiological and anatomical factors determine arrhythmic risk in acute myocardial ischaemia and its modulation by sodium current availability","volume":"11","author":"Martinez-Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2007.06.023","article-title":"Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death","volume":"40","author":"Mehra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0031546","article-title":"Evidence for reentry as a mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"72","author":"Moe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Physiology, Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.11.031","article-title":"Low energy defibrillation in human cardiac tissue: a simulation study","volume":"96","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biophysical J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023155","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevresearch.2.023155","article-title":"Deep-learning-assisted detection and termination of spiral and broken-spiral waves in mathematical models for cardiac tissue","volume":"2","author":"Mulimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819873","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.819873","article-title":"An in silico study of electrophysiological parameters that affect the spiral-wave frequency in mathematical models for cardiac tissue","volume":"9","author":"Mulimani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.07.778","article-title":"Defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation: a shocking update","volume":"70","author":"Nichol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.05.002","article-title":"Double loop ventricular tachycardia activation patterns with single loop mechanisms: asymmetric entrainment responses during \u201cpseudo\u2013figure-of-eight\u201d reentry","volume":"18","author":"Nishimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart rhythm."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrcr.2020.11.013","article-title":"Successful catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in cor triatriatum sinister: a figure-of-8 reentry in the left atrial membrane","volume":"7","author":"Okada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear. Case Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031918","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.77.031918","article-title":"Annihilation and reflection of spiral waves at a boundary for the beeler-reuter model","volume":"77","author":"Olmos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E\u2014Statistical, Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300158","article-title":"Rotors and the dynamics of cardiac fibrillation","volume":"112","author":"Pandit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2001.0833","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation: evolution of the multiple\u2013wavelet hypothesis","volume":"359","author":"Panfilov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.2738","article-title":"Topological constraint on scroll wave pinning","volume":"84","author":"Pertsov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.20.2555","article-title":"Structural heterogeneity and ventricular arrhythmias: from cell to patient","volume":"101","author":"Peters","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.10113","article-title":"Multiscale studies of delayed afterdepolarizations ii: calcium-overload-induced ventricular arrhythmias","author":"Roshan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv Prepr. arXiv:2307.10113"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218127491000671","article-title":"The formation of a re-entrant action potential wave front in tissue with unequal anisotropy ratios","volume":"1","author":"Roth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.03.003","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and abnormalities of cell-to-cell coupling","volume":"6","author":"Saffitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart rhythm."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-009-9454-z","article-title":"Prospective multicenter randomized trial of fast ventricular tachycardia termination by prolonged versus conventional anti-tachyarrhythmia burst pacing in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients-atp delivery for painless icd therapy (advance-d) trial results","volume":"27","author":"Santini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. interventional cardiac Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2013.05.003","article-title":"Ion channel trafficking and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"106","author":"Shy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.06.011","article-title":"Antitachycardia pacing for very fast ventricular tachycardia and low-energy shock for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable defibrillators","volume":"112","author":"Sivagangabalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/366322a0","article-title":"Control of spiral-wave dynamics in active media by periodic modulation of excitability","volume":"366","author":"Steinbock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.13625","article-title":"Unsuccessful antitachycardia pacing: what is the mechanism?","volume":"42","author":"Strik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053131","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0203319","article-title":"Annihilation dynamics during spiral defect chaos revealed by particle models","volume":"34","author":"Tyree","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chaos An Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae032","article-title":"Impact of topology on the number of loops during macro-re-entrant atrial tachycardia","volume":"45","author":"Vandersickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585050","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.585050","article-title":"Ion channelopathies and cardiac arrhythmias: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Veldkamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.04.009","article-title":"Spatiotemporal progression of early human ventricular fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Vidmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.87.12.1103","article-title":"Ventricular fibrillation: how do we stop the waves from breaking?","volume":"87","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01004-2","article-title":"Novel drug therapies for atrial fibrillation","volume":"21","author":"Wiedmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(94)90513-4","article-title":"Double loop figure-of-8 reentry as the mechanism of multiple atrioventricular node reentry tachycardias","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.106.024405","article-title":"Spiral wave drift under optical feedback in cardiac tissue","volume":"106","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016214","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.68.016214","article-title":"Periodic forcing and feedback control of nonlinear lumped oscillators and meandering spiral waves","volume":"68","author":"Zykov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Network Physiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1692372\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:36:49Z","timestamp":1763534209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1692372\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1692372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnetp.2025.1692372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2674-0109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2674-0109","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"article-number":"1692372"}}