{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:27:45Z","timestamp":1792697265363,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T23:57:46Z","timestamp":1500335866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Eyelid Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative, Neurogenetic, and Neurometabolic Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ali G.","family":"Hamedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diagnosis and Management","author":"Liu","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870106","article-title":"Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: innervation and structure of primary levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles","volume":"287","author":"Porter","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0652-7","article-title":"Progressive external ophthalmoplegia","volume":"16","author":"McClelland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.07.007","article-title":"Diagnosis of mitochondrial myopathies","volume":"110","author":"Milone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1606","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO0b013e3181b416de","article-title":"The spinocerebellar ataxias","volume":"29","author":"Paulson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-015-0038-7","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia 28: novel AFG3L2 mutation in a German family with young onset, slow progression and saccadic slowing","volume":"2","author":"Zuhlke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1753","article-title":"Clonal expansion of secondary mitochondrial DNA deletions associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 28","volume":"72","author":"Gorman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.09.034","article-title":"Twinkle mutation in an Italian family with external progressive ophthalmoplegia and parkinsonism: a case report and an update on the state of the art","volume":"556","author":"Kiferle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22342","article-title":"Cerebellar and pyramidal dysfunctions, palpebral ptosis and weakness as the presenting symptoms of PARK-2","volume":"24","author":"Amboni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(95)00039-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial abnormalities in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2017.01.007","article-title":"Myotonic dystrophy: disease repeat range, penetrance, age of onset, and relationship between repeat size and phenotypes","volume":"44","author":"Yum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.32.9.732","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA does not appear to influence the congenital onset type of myotonic dystrophy","volume":"32","author":"Poulton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70201-7","article-title":"Congenital myasthenic syndromes: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Engel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2014.01.005","article-title":"Congenital ptosis","volume":"59","author":"SooHoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.03.018","article-title":"Clinical heterogeneity in familial congenital ptosis: analysis of fourteen cases in one family over five generations","volume":"33","author":"Pavone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100110074028","article-title":"Abnormal extracellular material in the levator palpebrae superioris complex in congenital ptosis","volume":"113","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/09273972.2014.999797","article-title":"Possible rare congenital dysinnervation disorder: congenital ptosis associated with adduction","volume":"23","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530701745181","article-title":"Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles","volume":"23","author":"Heidary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.08.019","article-title":"Review of the major findings about Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) leading to an updated form of classification","volume":"50","author":"Yuksel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)30933-5","article-title":"Acquired ptosis in the young and middle-aged adult population","volume":"102","author":"Kersten","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"51","article-title":"Levator aponeurosis dehiscence in a patient treated with botulinum toxin for blepharospasms and eyelid apraxia","volume":"252","author":"Verhulst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283638219","article-title":"Genetic diseases affecting the eyelids: what should a clinician know?","volume":"24","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.172","article-title":"Monoamine neurotransmitter disorders \u2013 clinical advances and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.4.1227","article-title":"Lid-eye coordination during vertical gaze changes in man and monkey","volume":"60","author":"Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00021-2","article-title":"Normal and abnormal lid function","volume":"102","author":"Rucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.1.233","article-title":"Discharge patterns of levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons during vertical lid and eye movements in the monkey","volume":"68","author":"Fuchs","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.2.323","article-title":"Blinking and associated eye movements in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits","volume":"52","author":"Evinger","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1970.33.3.393","article-title":"Oculomotor unit behavior in the monkey","volume":"33","author":"Robinson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000424)420:1<19::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Neuroanatomical identification of mesencephalic premotor neurons coordinating eyelid with Upgaze in the Monkey and Man","volume":"420","author":"Horn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)00612-2","article-title":"Brainstem circuits controlling lid-eye coordination in monkeys","volume":"171","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.4.684","article-title":"The pretectal syndrome: 206 patients","volume":"40","author":"Keane","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"104","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic findings in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"12","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5942-z","article-title":"Eyelid retraction in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"258","author":"Onofrj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130056","article-title":"Clinical relevance of \u201cbulging eyes\u201d for the differential diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxias","volume":"71","author":"Moro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1211-x","article-title":"Eyelid nystagmus and primary position upbeat nystagmus","volume":"34","author":"Milivojevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"169","article-title":"A case of convergence evoked eyelid nystagmus","volume":"6","author":"Howard","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthal"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90698-5","article-title":"Convergence-evoked eyelid nystagmus","volume":"93","author":"Safran","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.4.368","article-title":"Lid nystagmus evoked by ocular convergence: an ocular electromyographic study","volume":"31","author":"Sanders","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00557.2002","article-title":"Eyelid movements: behavioral studies of blinking in humans under different stimulus conditions","volume":"89","author":"VanderWerf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00577.x","article-title":"Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectric study of eyelid motion","volume":"28","author":"Sforza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000115072","article-title":"Reciprocal reflex activity in ocular muscles: implications in spontaneous blinking and Bell\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"18","author":"Esteban","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.227","article-title":"Nervous control of eyelid function: a review of clinical, experimental, and pathological data","volume":"115","author":"Schmidtke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005767","article-title":"Influence of the superior colliculus on the primate blink reflex","volume":"116","author":"Gnadt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-22-07308.1996","article-title":"An explanation for reflex blink hyperexcitability in Parkinson\u2019s disease. I. Superior colliculus","volume":"16","author":"Basso","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.3.643","article-title":"Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems","volume":"106","author":"Karson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7093","article-title":"Spontaneous blink rates correlate with dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus of MPTP-treated monkeys","volume":"158","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103444.45882.D8","article-title":"Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Biousse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040402","article-title":"Eyelid movement abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"4","author":"Golbe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21887","article-title":"Voluntary spontaneous, and reflex blinking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Agostino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disorder"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.02.004","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and L-DOPA on blinking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"235","author":"Bologna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<982::AID-MDS1033>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Increased blink rate in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a form of \u2018off\u2019-period dystonia?","volume":"15","author":"Kimber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20930","article-title":"Eyelid movements during blinking in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Korosec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890861","article-title":"Ophthalmological features of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ophthalmological features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Nowacka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"BurdenS Lipiflow Versus Warm Compresses in Parkinson\u2019s Disease2016"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140249.97312.76","article-title":"Glabellar and palmomental reflexes in parkinsonian disorders","volume":"63","author":"Brodsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02862.x","article-title":"Distinguishing progressive supranuclear palsy from other forms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: evaluation of new signs","volume":"956","author":"Kuniyoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10120","article-title":"Brainstem reflexes: electrodiagnostic techniques, physiology, normative data, and clinical applications","volume":"26","author":"Aramideh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000116380","article-title":"Blink reflex in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Iriarte","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.113746","article-title":"Delayed blink reflex in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"78","author":"Bonanni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl143","article-title":"Single subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimuli inhibit the blink reflex in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"129","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01072.2014","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on blink abnormalities of 6-OHDA lesioned rats","volume":"1113","author":"Kaminer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"147","article-title":"Blink reflex in 57 parkinsonian patients with correlation between the clinical and electrophysiological parameters","volume":"3","author":"Iriarte","year":"1988","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(92)90283-Q","article-title":"A correlation study between blink reflex habituation and clinical state in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"107","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.5.677","article-title":"Blink rates and disorders of movement","volume":"34","author":"Karson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2054-7072-1-7","article-title":"Upper facial chorea in Huntington disease","volume":"1","author":"Fekete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Mov Disord"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0981-7","article-title":"Excessive blinking as an initial manifestation of juvenile Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Xing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007367","article-title":"Is blinking of the eyes affected in extrapyramidal disorders? An interesting observation in a patient with Wilson disease","volume":"2012","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00095","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: complementary insights from measures of cognitive control, eyeblink rate, and pupil diameter","volume":"6","author":"Tharp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1975.tb05768.x","article-title":"Blink reflex in Huntington\u2019s chorea and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Esteban","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1177","article-title":"Features of the blink reflex in individuals at risk for Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"De Tommaso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.2895","article-title":"Properties of horizontal saccades accompanied by blinks","volume":"79","author":"Rottach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00169-1","article-title":"Ocular motor abnormalities in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Lasker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000218215.43328.88","article-title":"Identification of an oculomotor biomarker of preclinical Huntington disease","volume":"67","author":"Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.10.1268","article-title":"Abnormal ocular motor control in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Leigh","year":"","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.9.1233","article-title":"Blink-saccade dynkinesis","volume":"33","author":"Zee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930020676010","article-title":"Ocular motor signs in some metabolic diseases","volume":"99","author":"Cogan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01150.2009","article-title":"Macaque pontine omnipause neurons play no direct role in the generation of eye blinks","volume":"103","author":"Schultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23011","article-title":"The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia","volume":"25","author":"Martino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25244","article-title":"The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Steeves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20889","article-title":"Analysis of blink rate in patients with blepharospasm","volume":"21","author":"Bentivoglio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00045","article-title":"Blepharospasm: update on epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathophysiology","volume":"7","author":"Valls-Sole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp294","article-title":"The non-dystrophic myotonias: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"133","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.02.001","article-title":"Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia","volume":"61","author":"Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310266","article-title":"Sun exposure is an environmental risk factor for the development of blepharospasm","volume":"87","author":"Molloy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.031","article-title":"FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"116","author":"Blackburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20635","article-title":"Relationship between eye symptoms and blepharospasm: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Martino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00340495","article-title":"Different forms of blinks and their two-stage control","volume":"64","author":"Manning","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20899","article-title":"Changes in blink reflex excitability after globus pallidus internus stimulation for dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Tisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820c3074","article-title":"The blink reflex recovery cycle differs between essential and presumed psychogenic blepharospasm","volume":"76","author":"Schwingenschuh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B91","first-page":"517","article-title":"Blink reflex studies in patients with focal dystonias","volume":"50","author":"Tolosa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.4.572","article-title":"Blink reflex excitability recovery curves in patients with spasmodic dysphonia","volume":"39","author":"Cohen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00519-9","article-title":"The \u2018geste antagonistique\u2019 induces transient modulation of the blink reflex in human patients with blepharospasm","volume":"251","author":"G\u00f3mez-Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25329","article-title":"Long term depression-like plasticity of the blink reflex for the treatment of blepharospasm","volume":"28","author":"Kranz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.05.022","article-title":"Secondary blepharospasm associated with structural lesions of the brain","volume":"331","author":"Khooshnoodi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85","article-title":"Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF international workshop","volume":"71","author":"Hallett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31828f69e5","article-title":"A resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200303000-00003","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"23","author":"Baker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01053.x","article-title":"Decreased dopamine D receptor binding in essential blepharospasm","volume":"119","author":"Horie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E415","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000147978.67424.42","article-title":"Staged deep brain stimulation for refractory craniofacial dystonia with blepharospasm: case report and physiology","volume":"56","author":"Foote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.124594","article-title":"Long-term assessment of the risk of spread in primary late-onset focal dystonia","volume":"79","author":"Abbruzzese","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.02.015","article-title":"The spread of primary late-onset focal dystonia in a long-term follow up study","volume":"132","author":"Svetel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25088","article-title":"Age at onset and symptom spread in primary focal dystonia","volume":"27","author":"Martino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20919","article-title":"Relative risk of spread of symptoms among the focal onset dystonias","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1275","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary blepharosmasm","volume":"17","author":"Defazio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22471","article-title":"The TOR1A polymorphism rs1182 and the risk of spread in primary blepharospasm","volume":"24","author":"Defazio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"307","article-title":"Blink reflex recovery cycle in patients with blepharospasm unilaterally treated with botulinum toxin","volume":"21","author":"Grandas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2005.1.2.159","article-title":"Clinical analysis of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism","volume":"1","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.4.352","article-title":"Dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"62","author":"Barclay","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.11.1579","article-title":"Prevalence of primary blepharospasm in a community of Puglia region, Southern Italy","volume":"56","author":"Defazio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.024","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic and electroretinographic findings in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (formerly Hallervorden-Spatz disease)","volume":"140","author":"Egan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.001","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in patients with adult-onset focal dystonia: sensory and psychiatric disturbances","volume":"22","author":"Conte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3948-05.2006","article-title":"Enhanced long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in blepharospasm","volume":"26","author":"Quartarone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90184-3","article-title":"Biofeedback therapy of essential blepharospasm","volume":"98","author":"Surwit","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f8814d","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation modulates blepharospasm: a randomized controlled study","volume":"75","author":"Kranz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283645aee","article-title":"Myectomy for blepharospasm","volume":"24","author":"Pariseau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-214241","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for medically intractable blepharospasm","volume":"2016","author":"Yamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1965.00970030157003","article-title":"Apraxia of lid opening","volume":"73","author":"Goldstein","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100319","article-title":"Lid-opening apraxia is associated with medial frontal hypometabolism","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0682-0","article-title":"Gluocse hypometablism in medial frontal cortex of patients with apraxia of lid opening","volume":"241","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000007935","article-title":"Isolated so-called apraxia of eyelid opening: report of 10 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Defazio","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.692","article-title":"Electromyography and recovery of the blink reflex in involuntary eyelid closure: a comparative study","volume":"58","author":"Aramideh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1159\/000341621","article-title":"Prevalence of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism, cervical dystonia, and essential tremor","volume":"68","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1526-2","article-title":"The combined treatment with orbital and pretarsal bnotulinum toxin injections in the management of poorly responsive blepharospasm","volume":"35","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.6.1013","article-title":"Prolonged orbicularis oculi activity: a major factor in apraxia of lid opening","volume":"57","author":"Tozlovanu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200080","article-title":"Frequency of apraxia of eyelid opening in the general population and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders","volume":"23","author":"Lamberti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000052991.70149.68","article-title":"Clinical features oand natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy: a clinical cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Nath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25746","article-title":"Pathology and sensitivity of current clinical criteria in corticobasal syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Ouchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21367","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A injections improve apraxia of eyelid opening without overt blepharospasm associated with neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<1028::AID-MDS1047>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Eyelid dystonia in Machado-Joseph disease","volume":"15","author":"Cardoso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.032","article-title":"Benign unilateral apraxia of eyelid opening","volume":"117","author":"Cherian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a351e7","article-title":"Teaching NeuroImages: awakening ptosis (unilateral hypnopompic eyelid palsy)","volume":"81","author":"Della Marca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120651","article-title":"Apraxia of eyelid closure accompanied by denial of eye opening","volume":"12","author":"Aramideh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200016","article-title":"Apraxia of eyelid closure in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"109","author":"Bonelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B135","first-page":"226","article-title":"An apraxia of eyelid closure in association with frontal lobe atrophy in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Fukishima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02851-8","article-title":"Improvement of apraxia of eyelid opening by wearing goggles","volume":"356","author":"Hirayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3180334f0b","article-title":"Modified Lundie loops improve apraxia of eyelid opening","volume":"27","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.9.1752","article-title":"Isolated eyelid-opening apraxia: report of a new levodopa-responsive syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Dewey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113751.19247.84","article-title":"The effects of levodopa on apraxia of lid opening: a case report","volume":"62","author":"Yamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.4.401.33174","article-title":"Apraxia of lid opening: dose-dependent response to carbidopa-levodopa","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090605","article-title":"\u201cApraxia of lid opening,\u201d a focal eyelid dystonia: clinical study of 32 patients","volume":"9","author":"Krack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.4279","article-title":"Aripiprazole can improve apraxia of eyelid opening in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Tokisato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000079","article-title":"Oral methylphenidate for the treatment of refractory facial dystonias","volume":"31","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90169-6","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of apraxia of eyelid opening in progressive supranuclear palsy: report of two cases","volume":"78","author":"Piccione","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.10.017","article-title":"Upper eyelid myectomy in blepharospasm with associated apraxia of lid opening","volume":"145","author":"Georgescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1641-3","article-title":"Frontalis suspension surgery to treat patients with blepharospasm and eyelid opening apraxia: long term results","volume":"124","author":"Dressler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-200001000-00006","article-title":"Frontalis suspension combined with blepharoplasty as an effective treatment for blepharospasm associated with apraxia of eyelid opening","volume":"16","author":"De Groot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014","article-title":"Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6447-0","article-title":"Effects of varying subthalamic nucleus stimulation on apraxia of lid opening in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"259","author":"Tommasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.12.008","article-title":"Apraxia of eyelid opening after subthalamic deep brain stimulation may be caused by reduction of levodopa","volume":"14","author":"Umemura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.196691","article-title":"Involuntary eyelid closure after STN-DBS: evidence for different pathophysiological entities","volume":"81","author":"Weiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-812466","article-title":"Improvement of apraxia of lid opening by STN-stimulation in a 70 year-old with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case report","volume":"47","author":"Fuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00058.x","article-title":"Apraxia of lid opening is alleviated by pallidal stimulation in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Goto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B154","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Normal and abnormal eyelid function","volume-title":"Walsh & Hoyt\u2019s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology","author":"Skarf","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00329\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T13:46:37Z","timestamp":1569851197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00329\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2017.00329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]]},"article-number":"329"}}