{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:37:41Z","timestamp":1787164661394,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL130984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T03:40:23Z","timestamp":1516592423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Altered Regional Brain Cortical Thickness in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Macey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Kheirandish-Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janani P.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona F.","family":"Philby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.731","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing in children in a general population sample: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"32","author":"Bixler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-725-9","volume-title":"Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide to Evaluation and Treatment","author":"Kheirandish-Gozal","year":"2012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9704080","article-title":"Blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"157","author":"Marcus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.1.89","article-title":"Blood pressure in sleep disordered breathing","volume":"88","author":"Kohyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200309-1305OC","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"169","author":"Amin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.05.039","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing symptoms are associated with poorer cognitive function in 5-year-old children","volume":"145","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00395.x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in children","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708080776","article-title":"Neuropsychological and behavioral functioning in children with and without obstructive sleep apnea referred for tonsillectomy","volume":"14","author":"Giordani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20981","article-title":"Neurocognitive and behavioral impact of sleep disordered breathing in children","volume":"44","author":"Owens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114209","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with impaired pictorial memory task acquisition and retention in children","volume":"36","author":"Kheirandish-Gozal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201510-2099OC","article-title":"Effect of sleep-disordered breathing severity on cognitive performance measures in a large community cohort of young school-aged children","volume":"194","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198306000-00008","article-title":"Signs of airway obstruction during sleep and behavioral, developmental, and academic problems","volume":"4","author":"Weissbluth","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.616","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children","volume":"102","author":"Gozal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e934","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1677","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing and academic performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Galland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw082","article-title":"Sleep duration, snoring prevalence, obesity, and behavioral problems in a large cohort of primary school students in Japan","volume":"40","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44566","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44566","article-title":"Reduced regional grey matter volumes in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"7","author":"Philby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200201-050OC","article-title":"Brain morphology associated with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"166","author":"Macey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"967","article-title":"Brain structural changes in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"31","author":"Macey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3578","article-title":"Abnormal myelin and axonal integrity in recently diagnosed patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"37","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3668","article-title":"Insular cortex metabolite changes in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"37","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12392","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with low GABA and high glutamate in the insular cortex","volume":"25","author":"Macey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.09.001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with altered midbrain chemical concentrations","volume":"363","author":"Macey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00808-2016","article-title":"Impact of sleep disordered breathing on behaviour among elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional analysis of a large community-based sample","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.02.028","article-title":"Frequency of snoring, rather than apnea-hypopnea index, predicts both cognitive and behavioral problems in young children","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2719","article-title":"Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology","volume":"10","author":"Rakic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.279","article-title":"Sleep pressure correlates of cognitive and behavioral morbidity in snoring children","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1067","article-title":"Polysomnographic characteristics in normal preschool and early school-aged children","volume":"117","author":"Montgomery-Downs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Differential Ability Scales: Introductory and Technical Handbook","author":"Elliott","year":"1990"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200610-1519OC","article-title":"C-reactive protein, obstructive sleep apnea, and cognitive dysfunction in school-aged children","volume":"176","author":"Gozal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.06.007","article-title":"Attention in children with obstructive sleep apnoea: an event-related potentials study","volume":"13","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299000800313","article-title":"The nature and structure of childrens abilities \u2013 evidence from the differential ability scales","volume":"8","author":"Elliott","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.03.001","article-title":"Desperately seeking grey matter volume changes in sleep apnea: a methodological review of magnetic resonance brain voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"25","author":"Celle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.04.011","article-title":"Neurocognitive dysfunction and grey matter density deficit in children with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3583-16.2017","article-title":"The effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the dentate gyrus and learning and memory in children","volume":"37","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-16171","article-title":"Morphometry analysis of basal ganglia structures in children with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Xray Sci Technol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.05.016","article-title":"Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00055-X","article-title":"Functional frontalisation with age: mapping neurodevelopmental trajectories with fMRI","volume":"24","author":"Rubia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1008","article-title":"Mapping cortical change across the human life span","volume":"6","author":"Sowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14980","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3706-09.2009","article-title":"Superior parietal cortex is critical for the manipulation of information in working memory","volume":"29","author":"Koenigs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp120","article-title":"The contribution of the parietal lobes to speaking and writing","volume":"20","author":"Brownsett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12417","article-title":"Posterior parietal cortex is critical for the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of a memory that guides attention for learning","volume":"39","author":"Schiffino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-112060","article-title":"Cortical thickness in frontotemporal dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Hartikainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12085","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunctions in occipital lobe epilepsy compared to temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Santangelo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2015.1023316","article-title":"Early occipital injury affects numerosity counting but not simple arithmetic","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00705.x","article-title":"A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"18","author":"Yaouhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.2.235","article-title":"Reduced brain gray matter concentration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Joo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201005-0693OC","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment","volume":"183","author":"Canessa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2876","article-title":"Localized cortical thinning in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Joo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","article-title":"Mapping brain maturation","volume":"29","author":"Toga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1087","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI","volume":"16","author":"Phan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00347-X","article-title":"The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: a review and a hypothesis","volume":"89","author":"Ackermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20749","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration","volume":"493","author":"Critchley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005","article-title":"Awareness of the functioning of one\u2019s own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?","volume":"25","author":"Karnath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel \u2013 now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148621","article-title":"Association between ability emotional intelligence and left insula during social judgment of facial emotions","volume":"11","author":"Quarto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562924","article-title":"Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"10","author":"Lane","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x","article-title":"The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition","volume":"935","author":"Allman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012470999","article-title":"Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making","volume":"99","author":"Bush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00108-7","article-title":"Remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and autobiographical memory retrieval","volume":"104","author":"Maddock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.034","article-title":"Mining the posterior cingulate: segregation between memory and pain components","volume":"27","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00440","article-title":"Effortless awareness: using real time neurofeedback to investigate correlates of posterior cingulate cortex activity in meditators\u2019 self-report","volume":"7","author":"Garrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130","article-title":"The medial temporal lobe","volume":"27","author":"Squire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"238","article-title":"Patterns of localization in precentral and \u201csupplementary\u201d motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area","volume":"30","author":"Woolsey","year":"1952","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.5.1120","article-title":"Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs","volume":"41","author":"Kwan","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00698-0","article-title":"Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of precentral cortex","volume":"34","author":"Graziano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4","article-title":"The basics of brain development","volume":"20","author":"Stiles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.02.001","article-title":"Prospective study of insufficient sleep and neurobehavioral functioning among school-age children","volume":"17","author":"Taveras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00410","article-title":"Parent-reported behavioral and psychiatric problems mediate the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and cognitive deficits in school-aged children","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.01.009","article-title":"Differential responses of the insular cortex gyri to autonomic challenges","volume":"168","author":"Macey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00004\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T09:49:58Z","timestamp":1526377798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00004\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2018.00004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"article-number":"4"}}