{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:40:30Z","timestamp":1790775630081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T01:08:52Z","timestamp":1545095332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Functional Organization of the Sympathetic Pathways Controlling the Pupil: Light-Inhibited and Light-Stimulated Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Elemer","family":"Szabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140014","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22580","article-title":"The Edinger-Westphal nucleus: a historical, structural and functional perspective on a dichotomous terminology","volume":"519","author":"Kozicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(92)90121-V","article-title":"Specialized functional pathways are the building blocks of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"41","author":"Janig","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311","article-title":"The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation","volume":"25","author":"Saper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01088.x","article-title":"Neurophysiological analysis of target-related sympathetic pathways \u2013 from animal to human: similarities and differences","volume":"177","author":"Janig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11514-6_2","article-title":"Neuronal networks regulating sleep and arousal: effect of drugs","volume-title":"Drug Treatment of Sleep Disorders","author":"Szabadi","year":"2015"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4161\/org.25126","article-title":"Functional organization of autonomic neural pathways","volume":"9","author":"Gibbins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0015","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume-title":"Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions","author":"Loewy","year":"1990"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(76)90282-X","article-title":"Physiological characterization of efferent cervical sympathetic fibers influenced by changes in illumination","volume":"53","author":"Passatore","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(76)90201-6","article-title":"Efferent fibers in the cervical sympathetic nerve influenced by light","volume":"52","author":"Passatore","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02124076","article-title":"Sympathetic preganglionic pupillodilator fibres in the light reflex","volume":"15","author":"Passatore","year":"1977","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.10.73","article-title":"The activity of the cilio-spinal centers and their inhibition in pupillary light reflex","volume":"10","author":"Nisida","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jap J Physiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.10.646","article-title":"The central path of the light reflex via the sympathetic nerve in the cat","volume":"10","author":"Okada","year":"1960","journal-title":"Jap J Physiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1933.02240180015001","article-title":"The central path of the pupilloconstrictor reflex in response to light","volume":"30","author":"Ranson","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiat."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236527","article-title":"Luminance and darkness detectors in the olivary and posterior pretectal nuclei and their relationship to the pupillary light reflex in the rat","volume":"57","author":"Clarke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00468-K","article-title":"Direct projections from the anterior pretectal nucleus to the ventral medulla oblongata in rats","volume":"65","author":"Zagon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0009","article-title":"Role of the ventral medulla oblongata in blood pressure regulation","volume-title":"Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions","author":"Guyenet","year":"1990"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050170","article-title":"New indirect pathways subserving the pupillary light reflex: projections of the accessory oculomotor nuclei and the periaqueductal gray to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and the thoracic spinal cord in rats","volume":"198","author":"Klooster","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.12.008","article-title":"Role of dorsolaral periaqueductal grey in the coordinated regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory function","volume":"175","author":"Dampney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00029-8","article-title":"Periaqueductal gray matter input to cardiac-related sympathetic premotor neurones","volume":"792","author":"Farkas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001127)427:4<649::AID-CNE11>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Periaqueductal gray neurons monosynaptically innervate extranuclear noradrenergic dendrites in the rat pericoerulear region","volume":"427","author":"Bajic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.021","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projections to the A5 cell group","volume":"224","author":"Bajic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795596531","article-title":"Function and pharmacology of spinally-projecting sympathetic pre-autonomic neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus","volume":"9","author":"Nunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2004.029041","article-title":"A role for the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus in the autonomic control of heart and kidney","volume":"90","author":"Coote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072678","article-title":"The paraventricular nucleus and heart failure","volume":"99","author":"Pyner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00083-6","article-title":"Neural control of the pineal gland","volume":"73","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00202.x","article-title":"Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin","volume":"12","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2009.03.005","article-title":"Neurochemistry of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: implications for cardiovascular regulation","volume":"38","author":"Pyner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311020008","article-title":"Vasopressin and oxytocin control of the cardiovascular system","volume":"11","author":"Japundzic-Zigon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5328-03.2004","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic GABAergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus control plasma glucose concentrations in the rat via sympathetic innervation of the liver","volume":"24","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753798","article-title":"Bilateral oculosumpathetic paresis associated with loss of nocturnal melatonin secretion in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Zeitzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00635-6","article-title":"GABA release from suprachiasmatic nucleus terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat","volume":"91","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosience"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90435-X","article-title":"The projection of locus coeruleus neurons to the spinal cord in the rat determined by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry","volume":"538","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23024","article-title":"Spinal projections of the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in rats","volume":"520","author":"Bruinstroop","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.4.0436","article-title":"Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine rseponses: implications for stress-related disorders","volume":"22","author":"Pacak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91287-Q","article-title":"Excitation and inhibition of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones by catecholamines","volume":"530","author":"Lewis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90125-U","article-title":"CNS projections to the pterygopalatine parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat: a retrograde transneuronal viral cell body labelling study","volume":"534","author":"Spencer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90479-S","article-title":"CNS cell groups projecting to the submandibular parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat: a retrograde transneuronal viral cell body labelling study","volume":"572","author":"Jansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(84)90030-4","article-title":"Distribution of alpha 2 agonist binding sites in the rat and human central nervous system: analysis of some functional, anatomic correlates of the pharmacologic effects of clonidine and related adrenergic agents","volume":"319","author":"Unnerstall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(86)90002-1","article-title":"Pupillary dilation as an index of central nervous system \u03b12-adrenoeptor activation","volume":"15","author":"Koss","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Met"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777229","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the locus coeruleus: its role in the regulation of arousal an autonomic function","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777193","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the locus coeruleus: its role in the regulation of arousal an autonomic function","volume":"6","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00094","article-title":"Modulation of physiological reflexes by pain: role of the locus coeruleus","volume":"6","author":"Szabadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113490326","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the central noradrenergic system","volume":"27","author":"Szabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/89522","article-title":"A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal","volume":"4","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.10.1327","article-title":"Circadian regulation of arousal: role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system and light exposure","volume":"29","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22635","article-title":"New directions for the treatment of depression: Targeting the photic regulation of arousal and mood (PRAM pathway)","volume":"34","author":"Bowrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001247","article-title":"Brain responses to violet, blue, and green monochromatic light exposures in humans: prominent role of blue light and the brainstem","volume":"2","author":"Vandewalle","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960402","article-title":"Expression of c-fos-like protein as a marker for neuronal activity following noxious stimulation in the rat","volume":"296","author":"Bullitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.09.006","article-title":"Acute effects of light on the brain and behaviour of diurnal Arvicanthis niloticus and nocturnal Mus musculus","volume":"138","author":"Shuboni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0957","article-title":"High sensitivity of human melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation, and heart rate to short wavelength light","volume":"90","author":"Cajochen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrin Metab"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00997","article-title":"Blue-enriched white light enhances physiological arousal but not behavioral performance during simulated driving at early night","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez-Morilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000111","article-title":"Alerting or somnogenic light: pick your color","volume":"14","author":"Bourgin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/074873099129000614","article-title":"Light and diurnal cycle affect human heart rate: possible role for the circadian pacemaker","volume":"14","author":"Scheer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.028001","article-title":"Melatonin modulates the light-induced sympathoexciation and vagal suppression with participation of the suprachiasmatic nuicleus in mice","volume":"547","author":"Mutoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092959","article-title":"Light stimulates the mouse adrenal through a retinohypothalamic pathway independent of an effect on the clock in the suprchiasmatic nucleus","volume":"9","author":"Kiessling","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40450","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","article-title":"Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13289","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13289","article-title":"Pupil fluctuations track rapid changes in adrenergic and cholinergic activity in cortex","volume":"7","author":"Reimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.094","article-title":"Dynamic lateralization of pupil dilation evoked by locus coeruleus activation results from sympathetic not parasympathetic contributions","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22466","article-title":"Pupil dimeter covaries with BOLD activity in human locus coeruleus","volume":"35","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23232","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23232","article-title":"Dynamic modulation of decision biases by brainstem arousal systems","volume":"6","author":"de Gee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"6","article-title":"Autonomic pharmacology of \u03b12-adrenoceptors","volume":"10","author":"Szabadi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1996.03202.x","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of clonidine on tyramine- and methoxamine-evoked mydriasis in man","volume":"41","author":"Bitsios","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"492","article-title":"The influence of the baseline on the size of pharmacological responses: a theoretical model","volume":"61","author":"Szabadi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00225.x","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on pupillary diameter at different illumination levels","volume":"50","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0013-8","article-title":"Does modafinil activate the locus coeruleus in man? Comparison of modafinil and clonidine on arousal and autonomic functions in human volunteers Psychopharmacology","volume":"181","author":"Hou","year":"2005"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"176","article-title":"The integrated control of arousal and pupil function: role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus","volume":"25","author":"Szabadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro-ophthalmol Jpn"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91016-4","article-title":"Activation of the locus coeruleus induced by selective stimulation of the ventral tegmental area","volume":"363","author":"Deutch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01253597","article-title":"Biochemical and radioautographic evidence for dopaminergic afferents of the locus coeruleus originating in the ventral tegmental area","volume":"70","author":"Ornstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.02.050","article-title":"Retrograde study of projections from the tuberomammillary nucleus to the dorsal raphe and the locus coeruleus in the rat","volume":"1043","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.03.001","article-title":"Histamine excites noradrenergic neurones in locus coeruleus in rats","volume":"49","author":"Korotkova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.036","article-title":"Association of a deficit of arousal with fatigue in multiple sclerosis: effect of modafinil","volume":"64","author":"Niepel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106071022","article-title":"Comparison of diphenhydramine and modafinil on arousal and autonomic functions in healthy volunteers","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00060","article-title":"Two subpopulations of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus complex distinguished by expression of the dorsal neural tube marker Pax7","volume":"11","author":"Plummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90166-6","article-title":"Characterization of \u03b12-adrenoceptors which increase potassium conductance in rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2181-y","article-title":"Characterization of noradrenaline release in the rat cortex of freely moving awake rats by in vivo microdialysis","volume":"180","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pastor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(84)90067-5","article-title":"CNS adrenergic inhibition of parasympathetic oculomotor tone","volume":"10","author":"Koss","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00078-Y","article-title":"Receptor binding and functional evidence suggest that postsynaptic \u03b12-adrenoceptors are of the \u03b12D subtype","volume":"277","author":"Heal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01533.x","article-title":"Are the pharmacology and physiology of \u03b12-adrenoceptors determined by \u03b12-heteroreceptors and autoreceptors respectively?","volume":"165","author":"Gilsbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115573807","article-title":"GHB for cataplexy: Possible mode of action","volume":"29","author":"Szabadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00029","article-title":"Physiology of quantal norepinephrine release from somatodendritic sites of neurons in locus coeruleus","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00484.x","article-title":"Presynaptic autoreceptors in the third decade: focus on \u03b12-adrenoceptors","volume":"78","author":"Starke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.142.3.265","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapy","volume":"142","author":"Charney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890040403","article-title":"Dopamine agonists at repeated \u201cautoreceptor-selective\u201d doses: effects upon the sensitivity of A10 dopamine autoreceptors","volume":"4","author":"Jeziorski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90012-8","article-title":"The couruleospinal noradrenergic neurons: anatomical and electrophysiological studies in the rat","volume":"189","author":"Guyenet","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2007.05.008","article-title":"Peripheral bee venom's anti-inflammatory effect involves activation of the coeruleospinal pathway and sympathetic preganglionic neurons","volume":"59","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.03.026","article-title":"Spinal pathways mediating coeruleospinal antinociception in the rat","volume":"362","author":"Tsuruoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63825-X","article-title":"Locus coeruleus control of spinal motor output","volume":"88","author":"Fung","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59489-1.00004-5","article-title":"Respiration and autonomic regulation and orexin","volume":"198","author":"Nattie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.08.001","article-title":"Orexin neuronal circuitry: role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness","volume":"29","author":"Ohno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrin"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.033290","article-title":"Orexins induce increased excitability and synchronisation of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones","volume":"549","author":"Van den Top","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H808","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00572.2016","article-title":"Optogenetic identification of hypothalamic orexin neuron projections to paraventricular spinally projecting neurons","volume":"312","author":"Dergacheva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19991213)415:2<145::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Hypocretin (orexin) activation and synaptic innervation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system","volume":"415","author":"Horvath","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913471","article-title":"Mechanism of reflex dilation of the pupil","volume":"12","author":"Loewenfeld","year":"1958","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B96","volume-title":"The Pupil Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications.","author":"Loewenfeld","year":"1993"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W74","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1588","article-title":"Neuroimaging strategies for three types of Horner syndrome with emphasis on anatomic location","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.009","article-title":"Alerting effects of light","volume":"11","author":"Cajochen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.09.016","article-title":"Acute alerting effects of light: a systematic review","volume":"337","author":"Souman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000125","article-title":"Melanopsin as a sleep modulator: circadian gating of the direct effects of light on sleep and altered homeostasis in Opn4\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12189","article-title":"The acute effects of light on murine sleep during the dark phase: importance of melanopsin for maintenance of light-induced sleep","volume":"37","author":"Muindi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00135","article-title":"Retino-hypothalamic regulation of light-induced murine sleep","volume":"8","author":"Muindi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-1-19","article-title":"Circadian and dark-pulse activation of orexin\/hypocretin neurons","volume":"1","author":"Marston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.06.020","article-title":"Orexinergic signalling mediates light-induced neuronal activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus","volume":"220","author":"Adidharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002482","article-title":"Melanopsin regulates both sleep-promoting and arousal-promoting responses to light","volume":"14","author":"Pilorz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801728105","article-title":"Retinal pathways influence temporal niche","volume":"105","author":"Doyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806878105","article-title":"Retina-clock relations dictate nocturnal to diurnal behaviours","volume":"105","author":"McNeill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2016.00094","article-title":"Commentary: melanopsin regulates both sleep-promoting and arousal promoting response to light","volume":"10","author":"Cajochen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.03.018","article-title":"A circuit for pupil orienting responses: implications for cognitive modulation of pupil size","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1975.38.3.572","article-title":"Organization and receptive fields of primate spinothalamic tract neurons","volume":"38","author":"Applebaum","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22392","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of spinothalamic tract neurons in adult and developing mouse","volume":"518","author":"Davidson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.07.027","article-title":"Bilateral activation of the trigeminothalamic tract by acute orofacial cutaneous and muscle pain in humans","volume":"151","author":"Nash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90915-V","article-title":"Spinal and trigeminal lamina I input to the locus coeruleus anterogradely labeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in the cat and monkey","volume":"584","author":"Craig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.71.5.1752","article-title":"A novel long-latency response of locus coeruleus neurons to noxious stimuli: mediation by peripheral C-fibers","volume":"71","author":"Hirata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.226407","article-title":"In vivo patch-clamp recording from locus coeruleus neurones in the rat brainstem","volume":"590","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.086520","article-title":"Nociceptive stimulation activates locus coeruleus neurones projecting to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat","volume":"566","author":"Voisin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199905140-00035","article-title":"Noradrenaline release in the locus coeruleus of conscious rats triggered by drugs, stress and blood pressure changes","volume":"10","author":"Singewald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400407","article-title":"Effects of pentagastrin and the cold pressor test on the acoustic startle response and pupillary function in man","volume":"14","author":"Tavernor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0884-y","article-title":"Arousal and the pupil: why diazepam-induced sedation is not accompanied by miosis","volume":"195","author":"Hou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01311.x","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine, an \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist, on human pupillary reflexes during general anaesthesia","volume":"51","author":"Larson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brit J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200312000-00008","article-title":"Mechanism of pupillary reflex dilation in awake volunteers and organ donors","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/8\/873","article-title":"Effects of cold-pressor test and mental arithmetic on pupillary light reflex","volume":"34","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/108076803321908374","article-title":"Studies of alpha adrenoceptor antagonists on sympathetic mydriasis in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2004.20.479","article-title":"Alpha2-adrenoceptors do not mediate reflex mydriasis in rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00515551","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of clonidine-induced mydriasis in the rat","volume":"328","author":"Hey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.1988.tb00186.x","article-title":"Alpha-1- and alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonists produce opposing mydriatic effects by a central action","volume":"8","author":"Hey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Auton Pharmacol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90633-9","article-title":"Brainstem connections to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the cat: a retrograde tracer study","volume":"261","author":"Breen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2013.04.001","article-title":"The Edinger-Westphal nucleus II: hypothalamic afferents in the rat","volume":"54","author":"Da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00021","article-title":"Neuromodulatory correlates of pupil dilation","volume":"12","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01057.x","article-title":"The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response","volume":"48","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0008","article-title":"Central determinants of sympathetic nerve discharge","volume-title":"Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions.","author":"Gebber","year":"1990"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1998.00254.x","article-title":"Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response","volume":"10","author":"Van Bockstaele","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0430-10.2010","article-title":"The central and basolateral amygdala are critical sites of neuropeptide Y\/Y2 receptor-mediated regulation of anxiety and depression","volume":"30","author":"Tasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00569-0","article-title":"Noradrenaline systems in the hypothalamus, amygdala and locus coeruleus are involved in the provocation of anxiety: basic studies","volume":"405","author":"Tanaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.002","article-title":"CRH engagement of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system mediates stress-induced anxiety","volume":"87","author":"McCall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.022","article-title":"Norepinephrine and corticotropin-releasing hormone: partners in the neural circuits that underpin stress and anxiety","volume":"87","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105048994","article-title":"Effects of peripheral sympathetic blockade with dapiprazole on the fear-inhibited light reflex","volume":"19","author":"Giakoumaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63809-1","article-title":"Mechanism of opioid actions on neurons in the locus coeruleus","volume":"88","author":"Christie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106060770","article-title":"Comparison of pramipexole and modafinil on arousal, autonomic, and endocrine functions in healthy volunteers","volume":"20","author":"Samuels","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B140","first-page":"138","article-title":"Pupillary movements during acute and chronic fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1963","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.20.6.545","article-title":"Pupil size and spontaneous pupillary waves associated with alertness, drowsiness, and sleep","volume":"20","author":"Yoss","year":"1970","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00081-9","article-title":"Mathematical procedures in data recording and processing of pupillary fatigue waves","volume":"38","author":"L\u00fcdtke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B143","first-page":"258","article-title":"Pupillogrphic assessment of sleepiness in sleep-deprived healthy subjects","volume":"31","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.02.003","article-title":"Association between pupillary unrest index and waking electroencephalogram activity in sleep-deprived healthy adults","volume":"14","author":"Regen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150927","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/150927","article-title":"Pupillographic sleepiness tests and polysomnography in nondemented patients with ischemic white matter lesions","volume":"2015","author":"Landwehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s002139900334","article-title":"Comparison of the antidepressants reboxetine, fluvoxamine and amitriptyline upon spontaneous pupillary fluctuations in healthy human volunteers","volume":"149","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000398","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on pupillary fluctuations in healthy human volunteers","volume":"150","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0443-y","article-title":"Comparison of pramipexole and amisulpride on alertness, autonomic, and endocrine functions in healthy volunteers","volume":"187","author":"Samuels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40224","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R112.386664","article-title":"Structure, function and modulation of GABAA receptors","volume":"287","author":"Sigel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00750-5","article-title":"Activation of rat locus coeruleus neuron GABAA receptors by propofol and its potentiation by pentobarbital or alphaxalone","volume":"386","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Pharmacol."},{"key":"B151","first-page":"29","article-title":"Spinal cord circuits providing control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons","volume-title":"Central Nervous Control of Autonomic Function","author":"Weaver","year":"1997"},{"key":"B152","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fundamental aspects of the control of sympathetic preganglionic neuronal discharge","volume-title":"Central Nervous Control of Autonomic Function","author":"Gilbey","year":"1997"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2002.03664.x","article-title":"GABA in the control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons","volume":"29","author":"Llewellyn-Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4149\/endo_2010_02_69","article-title":"Multilevel interactions between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: a minireview","volume":"44","author":"Ondicova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2004.07.018","article-title":"Rhythms, synchrony and electrical coupling in the Locus coeruleus","volume":"143","author":"Balllantyne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062716299","article-title":"Frequency-dependent synchrony in locus ceruleus: role of electrotonic coupling","volume":"99","author":"Alvarez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00288","article-title":"Neurochemical and electrical modulation of the locus coeruleus: contribution to CO2drive to breathe","volume":"5","author":"De Carvalho","year":"","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90195-9","article-title":"The role of alpha1-adrenoceptor-medicated collateral excitation in the regulation of the electrical activity of locus coeruleus neurons","volume":"27","author":"Nakamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(92)90026-D","article-title":"Light enhances sympathetic and suppresses vagal outflows and lesions including the suprachiasmatic nucleus eliminate these changes in rats","volume":"40","author":"Niijima","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E682","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj080478","article-title":"Vesicular monoamine transporter 2: role as a novel target for drug development","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)26025-6","article-title":"Comparative action of reserpine, tetrabenazine and chlorpromazine on central parasympathetic activity; effects on pupillary size and lacrimation in rabbit and on salivation in dog","volume":"132","author":"Bogdanski","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04444.x","article-title":"Effects of reboxetine and desipramine on the kinetics of the pupillary light reflex","volume":"39","author":"Theofilopulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050949","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of venlafaxine, paroxetine and desipramine on the pupillary light reflex in man","volume":"143","author":"Bitsios","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B164","first-page":"267","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of reboxetine","volume":"11","author":"Szabadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Contemp Pharmacother"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e31815a255b","article-title":"The effects of venlafaxine on autonomic functions in healthy volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Siepmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119801200204","article-title":"The effects of clonidine on the fear-inhibited light reflex","volume":"12","author":"Bitsios","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.11.003","article-title":"Serotonin control of sleep-wake behaviour","volume":"15","author":"Monti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.06.009","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine and cardiovascular regulation","volume":"29","author":"Ramage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.004697","article-title":"Serotonin and blood pressure regulation","volume":"64","author":"Watts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70426-0","volume-title":"Chemoarchitecture of the Brain","author":"Nieuwenhuys","year":"1985"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2003.10.002","article-title":"The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system","volume":"26","author":"Hornung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.11.004","article-title":"The structure of the dorsal raphe nucleus and its relevance to the regulation of sleep and wakefulness","volume":"14","author":"Monti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90910-8","article-title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin neurons in autonomic regions of the rat spinal cord","volume":"376","author":"Newton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00746-8","article-title":"Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors","volume":"71","author":"Hoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117725915","article-title":"Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors","volume":"31","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.05.001","article-title":"Regulation of dorsal raphe nucleus function by serotonin autoreceptors: a behavioral perspective","volume":"41","author":"McDevitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91435-4","article-title":"A direct retinal projection to the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat","volume":"635","author":"Shen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12795-6","article-title":"Is there a direct retina-raphe-suprachiasmatic nucleus pathway in the rat?","volume":"212","author":"Kawano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19991129)414:4<469::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils","volume":"414","author":"Fite","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14908","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14908","article-title":"A retionoraphe projection regulates serotonergic activity and looming\u2013evoked defensive behaviour","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02549-6","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the dorsal raphe and lateral geniculate complex in Mongolian gerbils","volume":"973","author":"Fite","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.10.054","article-title":"Photostmulation alters c-Fos expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus","volume":"1031","author":"Fite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02061-3","article-title":"Retinal projection to the dorsal raphe nucleus in the Chilean degus (Octodon degus)","volume":"895","author":"Fite","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.35","article-title":"Direct retino-raphe projection alters serotonergic tone and affective behaviour","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8373","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16614","article-title":"The dorsal raphe nucleus receives afferents from alpha-like retinal ganglion cells and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the rat","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.004","article-title":"Dorsal raphe nucleus projecting retinal ganglion cells: why Y cells?","volume":"57","author":"Pickard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26060","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26060","article-title":"ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells differentially regulate serotonergic and GABAergic activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20970","article-title":"Central projections of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the mouse","volume":"497","author":"Hattar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200102120-00048","article-title":"The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems","volume":"12","author":"Abrahamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140369","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of 5-HT1A autoreceptor-coupled GIRK channels in rat dorsal raphe neurons","volume":"10","author":"Montalbano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.03.007","article-title":"Pharmacological studies of 8-OH-DPAT-induced pupillary dilation in anaesthetized rats","volume":"489","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0756","article-title":"The 5-HT(1A)receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT lowers intraocular pressure in normotensive NZW rabbits","volume":"69","author":"Chidlow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000275","article-title":"Effects of the 5HT1A receptor agonists buspirone and 8-OH-DPAT on pupil size in common marmosets","volume":"28","author":"Kotani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90161-2","article-title":"Buspirone, but not sumatriptan, induces miosis in humans: relevance for a serotonergic pupil control","volume":"57","author":"Fanciullacci","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300410","article-title":"The effects of the novel anxiolytic drug lesopitron, a full and selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on pupil diameter and oral temperature in man: comparison with buspirone","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1508-5","article-title":"Comparison of ketanserin, buspirone and propranolol on arousal, pupil size and autonomic function in healthy volunteers","volume":"205","author":"Koudas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00693-0","article-title":"8-OH-DPAT-induced mydriasis in mice: a pharmacological characterisation","volume":"317","author":"Prow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03121-3","article-title":"Functional and pharmacological characterization of the modulatory role of serotonin on the firing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons","volume":"922","author":"Szabo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04036.x","article-title":"The effects of a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist (ICI 170,809) on platelet aggregation and pupillary responses in healthy volunteers","volume":"33","author":"Millson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03929.x","article-title":"The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist (ICI 169,369) on changes in waking EEG, pupillary responses and state of arousal in human volunteers","volume":"32","author":"Millson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.12.001","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of melanopsin inputs to the human pupil light reflex","volume":"107","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06829","article-title":"Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image forming vision","volume":"453","author":"G\u00fcler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B203","first-page":"393","article-title":"Pupil function: tests and disorders","volume-title":"Autonomic Failure","author":"Smith","year":"1992"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000893","article-title":"The effects of age, refractive status, and luminance on pupil size","volume":"93","author":"Guillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/25.6.432","article-title":"Changes in autonomic function with age: a study of pupillary kinetics in healthy young and old people","volume":"25","author":"Bitsios","year":"1996","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.6.665","article-title":"Altered pupillary size and darkness and light reflexes in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"62","author":"Prettyman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00057-X","article-title":"Neuron loss in key cholinergic and aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lyness","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01069\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T15:32:50Z","timestamp":1775316770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01069\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"references-count":207,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2018.01069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"article-number":"1069"}}