{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:43:27Z","timestamp":1790793807023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T08:37:31Z","timestamp":1546591051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Functional Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Huynh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanuja","family":"Dharmadasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Vucic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12874","article-title":"Motor neuron disease: current management and future prospects","volume":"45","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/35097565","article-title":"From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS","volume":"2","author":"Cleveland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"354","article-title":"Deus cas d'atrophie musculaire progressive avec lesions de la substance grise et des faisceaux ant\u00e9ro-lat\u00e9rale","volume":"2","author":"Charcot","year":"1869","journal-title":"Arch Physiol."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"215","article-title":"An important case of paralysis and muscular atrophy, with disease of the nervous centres","volume":"30","author":"Radcliffe","year":"1862","journal-title":"Br Foreign Med Chir Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000125182.17874.59","article-title":"Objective tests for upper motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"62","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.04.025","article-title":"Assessment of the upper motor neuron in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Huynh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)90191-0","article-title":"El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Brooks","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/146608200300079536","article-title":"El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2011.580849","article-title":"Uncovering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotypes: clinical features and long-term follow-up of upper motor neuron-dominant ALS","volume":"12","author":"Sabatelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61156-7","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"277","author":"Kiernan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws228","article-title":"Testing upper motor neuron function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the most difficult task of neurophysiology","volume":"135","author":"De","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12422","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of cortical excitability studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302315","article-title":"Why are upper motor neuron signs difficult to elicit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?","volume":"83","author":"Swash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000700012","article-title":"Is magnetic resonance imaging a plausible biomarker for upper motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\/primary lateral sclerosis or merely a useful paraclinical tool to exclude mimic syndromes? A critical review of imaging applicability in clinical routine","volume":"70","author":"Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24273","article-title":"Quantifying disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70036-X","article-title":"Controversies and priorities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000058901.75728.4E","article-title":"Corticospinal tract degeneration in the progressive muscular atrophy variant of ALS","volume":"60","author":"Ince","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1953.02320260029002","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Lawyer","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4","article-title":"Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0487-6","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the assessment of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Vucic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00045-0","article-title":"Utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in delineating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology","volume":"116","author":"Vucic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application","volume":"126","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1109\/10.55662","article-title":"A model of the stimulation of a nerve fiber by electromagnetic induction","volume":"37","author":"Roth","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(98)00038-1","article-title":"Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans","volume":"109","author":"Di","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.07.008","article-title":"I-wave origin and modulation","volume":"5","author":"Di","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.10.014","article-title":"The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00072563","article-title":"Implications of neural networks for how we think about brain function","volume":"13","author":"Robinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.08.028","article-title":"TMS and drugs revisited (2014)","volume":"126","author":"Ziemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.04.023","article-title":"Cortical hyperexcitability precedes lower motor neuron dysfunction in ALS","volume":"126","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl172","article-title":"Novel threshold tracking techniques suggest that cortical hyperexcitability is an early feature of motor neuron disease","volume":"129","author":"Vucic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13295","article-title":"Cortical hyperexcitability and disease spread in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Menon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2015.1074707","article-title":"Potential structural and functional biomarkers of upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS","volume":"17","author":"Grieve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304019","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiological insights","volume":"84","author":"Vucic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn071","article-title":"Cortical hyperexcitability may precede the onset of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Vucic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"171","article-title":"Applications of magnetic cortical stimulation","volume":"52","author":"Rossini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.030486","article-title":"Ketamine increases human motor cortex excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"547","author":"Di","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.3.605","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation identifies upper motor neuron involvement in motor neuron disease","volume":"53","author":"Triggs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199709)20:9<1137::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Corticomotor threshold is reduced in early sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Mills","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710004734X","article-title":"Cortical excitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clue to pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Eisen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12669","article-title":"Cortical excitability changes distinguish the motor neuron disease phenotypes from hereditary spastic paraplegia","volume":"31","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00030-9","article-title":"Motor neuron disease: usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in improving the diagnosis","volume":"110","author":"Miscio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00148-8","article-title":"Peripheral and central motor conduction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"159","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820052415817","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): compared sensitivity of different motor response parameters in ALS","volume":"1","author":"Pouget","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00201-4","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation compared with upper motor neuron signs in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"170","author":"Schulte-Mattler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1396","article-title":"Cortical projections to spinal motoneurons: changes with aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Eisen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(95)00166-2","article-title":"Abnormal excitability of the corticospinal pathway in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a single motor unit study using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"101","author":"Kohara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.10.1951","article-title":"Magnetic brain stimulation: the silent period after the motor evoked potential","volume":"42","author":"Cantello","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90464-V","article-title":"Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms contribute to the silent period in the contracting soleus muscle after transcranial magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex","volume":"156","author":"Ziemann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(96)96582-0","article-title":"Towards a neurophysiological marker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as revealed by changes in cortical excitability","volume":"105","author":"Desiato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90010-U","article-title":"Motor potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in normal subjects and patients with motor disorders","volume":"81","author":"Uozumi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880170213","article-title":"The cortical silent period and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Prout","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021734","article-title":"Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human mortor cortex","volume":"496","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20481","article-title":"Assessment of cortical excitability using threshold tracking techniques","volume":"33","author":"Vucic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(93)90115-6","article-title":"Variability of motor potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"89","author":"Kiers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","author":"Kujirai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70293-X","article-title":"Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.02.164","article-title":"Corticomotoneuronal function in asymptomatic SOD-1 mutation carriers","volume":"121","author":"Vucic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00288-2","article-title":"Different mechanisms contribute to motor cortex hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Zanette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1292","article-title":"Impaired motor cortex inhibition in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Ziemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.6.596","article-title":"Double cortical stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Yokota","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00100-1","article-title":"Ipsilateral cortico-cortical inhibition of the motor cortex in various neurological disorders","volume":"140","author":"Hanajima","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1872","article-title":"Cortical function in asymptomatic carriers and patients with C9orf72 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.062","article-title":"Cortical excitability distinguishes ALS from mimic disorders","volume":"122","author":"Vucic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq188","article-title":"Corticomotoneuronal function and hyperexcitability in acquired neuromyotonia","volume":"133","author":"Vucic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.011","article-title":"Cortical excitability testing distinguishes Kennedy's disease from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Vucic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.157537","article-title":"Cortical excitability in hereditary motor neuronopathy with pyramidal signs: comparison with ALS","volume":"81","author":"Vucic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.1697","article-title":"Corticomotoneuronal integrity and adaptation in spinal muscular atrophy","volume":"69","author":"Farrar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.05.005","article-title":"Cortical function and corticomotoneuronal adaptation in monomelic amyotrophy","volume":"128","author":"Matamala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00014-9","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of threshold tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation for diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.004","article-title":"The evolution of motor cortical dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Shibuya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002912","article-title":"Motor cortical function determines prognosis in sporadic ALS","volume":"87","author":"Shibuya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt085","article-title":"Riluzole exerts central and peripheral modulating effects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"136","author":"Vucic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91680-3","article-title":"Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"347","author":"Lacomblez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403033300901","article-title":"A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"330","author":"Bensimon","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2016.1188961","article-title":"Riluzole exerts transient modulating effects on cortical and axonal hyperexcitability in ALS","volume":"17","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2095","article-title":"Redox regulation of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Kuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2010.531742","article-title":"Neurophysiological index as a biomarker for ALS progression: validity of mixed effects models","volume":"12","author":"Cheah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26087","article-title":"Motor unit number index and neurophysiological index as candidate biomarkers of presymptomatic motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Escorcio-Bezerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199702)20:2<179::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"A longitudinal study comparing thenar motor unit number estimates to other quantitative tests in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Felice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.34.2.121","article-title":"Electrophysiological estimation of the number of motor units within a human muscle","volume":"34","author":"McComas","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20031","article-title":"Motor unit number estimation by decomposition-enhanced spike-triggered averaging: control data, test-retest reliability, and contractile level effects","volume":"29","author":"Boe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880170807","article-title":"Motor unit number estimates based on the automated analysis of F-responses","volume":"17","author":"Stashuk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160404","article-title":"The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults","volume":"16","author":"Doherty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00520-X","article-title":"Motor unit number estimation in human neurological diseases and animal models","volume":"112","author":"Shefner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10000","article-title":"Comparison of incremental with multipoint MUNE methods in transgenic ALS mice","volume":"25","author":"Shefner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000593","article-title":"Neurophysiological biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Vucic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26304.","article-title":"Following disease progression in motor neuron disorders with 3 MUNE methods","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.12.021","article-title":"MUNIX in the clinic in ALS: MUNE comes of age","volume":"128","author":"Swash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.834281","article-title":"Motor unit number index (MUNIX)","volume":"51","author":"Nandedkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21824","article-title":"Motor unit number index (MUNIX): principle, method, and findings in healthy subjects and in patients with motor neuron disease","volume":"42","author":"Nandedkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/17434470410019889","article-title":"ALS surrogate markers","volume":"5","author":"Gooch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318225aabf","article-title":"Multipoint incremental motor unit number estimation as an outcome measure in ALS","volume":"77","author":"Shefner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.11.026","article-title":"Motor Unit Number Index (MUNIX) detects motor neuron loss in pre-symptomatic muscles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Neuwirth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-310509","article-title":"Tracking motor neuron loss in a set of six muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the Motor Unit Number Index (MUNIX): a 15-month longitudinal multicentre trial","volume":"86","author":"Neuwirth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000296","article-title":"The Motor Unit Number Index of Subclinical Abnormality in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Fukada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.06.011","article-title":"MUNIX: reproducibility and clinical correlations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Escorcio-Bezerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/17434470410020067","article-title":"The Neurophysiological Index in ALS","volume":"5","author":"Swash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000162036.76024.AB","article-title":"Quantitating progression in ALS","volume":"64","author":"De","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(200001)23:1<138::aid-mus22<3.0.co;2-7","article-title":"The \u201csplit hand syndrome\u201d","author":"Wilbourn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20949","article-title":"Dissociated small hand muscle atrophy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: frequency, extent, and specificity","volume":"37","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00430-5","article-title":"The split hand in ALS has a cortical basis","volume":"180","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087124","article-title":"Cortical dysfunction underlies the development of the split-hand in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.07.025","article-title":"Split-hand index for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Menon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.09.002","article-title":"Electrode position and size in electrical impedance myography","volume":"116","author":"Rutkove","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10048","article-title":"Localized bioimpedance analysis in the evaluation of neuromuscular disease","volume":"25","author":"Rutkove","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23233","article-title":"Electrical impedance myography in spinal muscular atrophy: a longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Rutkove","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/17482968.2012.688837","article-title":"Electrical impedance myography as a biomarker to assess ALS progression","volume":"13","author":"Rutkove","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1510008","article-title":"Reducing sample size requirements for future ALS clinical trials with a dedicated electrical impedance myography system","volume":"19","author":"Shefner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70030-4","article-title":"Electrical impedance myography as a biomarker for ALS","volume":"8","author":"Rutkove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20626","article-title":"Assessing neuromuscular disease with multifrequency electrical impedance myography","volume":"34","author":"Esper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01141\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T18:19:49Z","timestamp":1662747589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01141\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2018.01141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.01141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"article-number":"1141"}}