{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:46Z","timestamp":1790803606024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T05:01:23Z","timestamp":1565672483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Crosstalk Between the Gut Microbiota and the Brain: An Update on Neuroimaging Findings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The central nervous system and the gut microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012","article-title":"Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.02.019","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in primary care: prevalence and association with depression and anxiety","volume":"64","author":"Mussell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.005","article-title":"Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression","volume":"36","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0887-5","article-title":"Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters","volume":"16","author":"Santocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.016","article-title":"Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"70","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.07.015","article-title":"Gut environmental factors and multiple sclerosis","volume":"329","author":"Miyake","year":"","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota modifications: the longway between preclinical studies and clinical evidence","volume":"129","author":"Mancuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003726","article-title":"Microbial endocrinology in the microbiome-gut-brain axis: how bacterial production and utilization of neurochemicals influence behavior","volume":"9","author":"Lyte","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.015","article-title":"The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13416","article-title":"Recent developments in understanding the role of the gut microbiota in brain health and disease","volume":"1420","author":"Sherwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0683-9","article-title":"Faecal bacterial microbiota in patients with cirrhosis and the effect of lactulose administration","volume":"17","author":"Sarangi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_9","article-title":"Neuropeptides and the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"817","author":"Holzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.50","article-title":"From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000519","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota axis and mental health","volume":"79","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7171\/jbt.17-2801-003","article-title":"Gut microbiota analysis results are highly dependent on the 16S rRNA gene target region, whereas the impact of DNA extraction is minor","volume":"28","author":"Rintala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomol Tech."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.11.055","article-title":"Radiomicrobiomics: advancing along the gut-brain axis through big data analysis","volume":"403","author":"De Santis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.44","article-title":"Techniques used to characterize the gut microbiota: a guide for the clinician","volume":"9","author":"Fraher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_18","article-title":"Neuroimaging the microbiome-gut-brain axis","volume":"817","author":"Tillisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.043","article-title":"Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity","volume":"144","author":"Tillisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3076","article-title":"Gut microbiota interacts with brain microstructure and function","volume":"100","author":"Fernandez-Real","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38481","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38481","article-title":"Elderly patients have an altered gut-brain axis regardless of the presence of cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Bajaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26800","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26800","article-title":"Impaired gut-liver-brain axis in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.003","article-title":"Probiotic bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 reduces depression scores and alters brain activity: a pilot study in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"153","author":"Pinto-Sanchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000493","article-title":"Brain structure and response to emotional stimuli as related to gut microbial profiles in healthy women","volume":"79","author":"Tillisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00235","article-title":"Gray matter volume and cognitive performance during normal aging. A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"10","author":"Ramanoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1051","article-title":"Diffusion tensor MR imaging and fiber tractography: theoretic underpinnings","volume":"29","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.2.129","article-title":"Current clinical applications of diffusion-tensor imaging in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Tae","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063388","article-title":"Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice","volume":"558","author":"Sudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010529108","article-title":"Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior","volume":"108","author":"Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158r","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0022-5","article-title":"Gut microbiome populations are associated with structure-specific changes in white matter architecture","volume":"8","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v7.i2.320","article-title":"Neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol The"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53485-9.00004-0","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"135","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity","volume":"20","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014030","article-title":"The brain's default mode network","volume":"38","author":"Raichle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18072","article-title":"Understanding neurogastroenterology from neuroimaging perspective: a comprehensive review of functional and structural brain imaging in functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"24","author":"Kano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00426","article-title":"Assessing metabolism and injury in acute human traumatic brain injury with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: current and future applications","volume":"8","author":"Stovell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2008.07.002","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: review of metabolites and clinical applications","volume":"64","author":"Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Radiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.018","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals oral Lactobacillus promotion of increases in brain GABA, N-acetyl aspartate and glutamate","volume":"125","author":"Janik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.008","article-title":"Neurotransmitter alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex in Crohn's disease patients with abdominal pain: a preliminary MR spectroscopy study","volume":"20","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70117-6","article-title":"The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4524","article-title":"A potential biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can assessment of brain iron deposition with SWI and corticospinal tract degeneration with DTI Help?","volume":"37","author":"Sheelakumari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00133","article-title":"The gut metagenome changes in parallel to waist circumference, brain iron deposition, and cognitive function","volume":"102","author":"Blasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1460015","article-title":"Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures","volume":"9","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1732-z","article-title":"Influence of 4-week multi-strain probiotic administration on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers","volume":"58","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.05.011","article-title":"Gut microbiome and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis may support the membrane hypothesis","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1907-15.2016","article-title":"In vivo MRI mapping of brain iron deposition across the adult lifespan","volume":"36","author":"Acosta-Cabronero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.013","article-title":"R2* mapping for brain iron: associations with cognition in normal aging","volume":"36","author":"Ghadery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000353756","article-title":"MRI for iron mapping in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Langkammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065551","article-title":"Decreased serum hepcidin concentration correlates with brain iron deposition in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.002","article-title":"Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria-gut-brain signals","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111247","article-title":"Probiotic, prebiotic, and brain development","volume":"9","author":"Cerdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009","article-title":"The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat","volume":"43","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7987","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-0973-4","article-title":"SLAB51 probiotic formulation activates SIRT1 pathway promoting antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in an AD mouse model","volume":"55","author":"Bonfili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003127","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: an RCT","volume":"87","author":"Barichella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.12.027","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiome: a novel and potential therapy for autism","volume":"194","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004319","article-title":"Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects","volume":"105","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S118964","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: current challenges and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepat Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1044711","article-title":"High throughput sequencing reveals distinct microbial populations within the mucosal and luminal niches in healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Ringel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-2-19","article-title":"Luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Carroll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","article-title":"Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Disord."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1159\/000332966","article-title":"Metagenomics: key to human gut microbiota","volume":"29","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digest Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_2","article-title":"Utilizing \u201comics\u201d tools to study the complex gut ecosystem","volume":"817","author":"Fodor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00883\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T05:01:25Z","timestamp":1565672485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00883\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2019.00883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2019.00883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"article-number":"883"}}