{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:28:38Z","timestamp":1787898518072,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003711","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:08:45Z","timestamp":1589864925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Neurologic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systemic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Ta","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Kuei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao","family":"San","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chon-Haw","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3151","article-title":"Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00386","article-title":"Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections","volume":"12","author":"Bohmwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3555145","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.25.009084","article-title":"Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study","author":"Giacomelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Taipei17877895"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in Covid-19","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101662","article-title":"COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital from Romania: epidemiology, preparedness and clinical challenges","author":"Popescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14273","article-title":"Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of Covid-19: a pilot multicenter PCR-based case-control study","author":"Beltran-Corbellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001641","DOI":"10.12890\/2020_001641","article-title":"Anosmia and dysgeusia in the absence of other respiratory diseases: should COVID-19 infection be considered?","volume":"7","author":"Villalba","year":"","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619","article-title":"Miller Fisher Syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19","author":"Gutierrez-Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa316","article-title":"A COVID-19 Transmission within a family cluster by presymptomatic infectors in China","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1661-4","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30086-4","article-title":"Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.009","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of older patients: The experience of a geriatric short-stay unit dedicated to patients with COVID-19 in France","author":"Godaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25689","article-title":"Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI Features","author":"Poyiadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25915","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus\u22122 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Paniz-Mondolfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State","volume":"323","author":"Arentz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","article-title":"Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of covid-19 in the young","author":"Oxley","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30109-5","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.062","article-title":"Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e741","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000741","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome related to COVID-19 infection","volume":"7","author":"Alberti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2","volume":"94","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101642","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2: underestimated damage to nervous system","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7352","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7352","article-title":"Neurological complications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): encephalopathy","volume":"12","author":"Filatov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.017","article-title":"Encephalitis as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.024","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis without respiratory failure in a young female patient with COVID-19 infection in Downtown Los Angeles, early April 2010","author":"Duong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100669","article-title":"COVID-19 and intracerebral haemorrhage: causative or coincidental?","volume":"35","author":"Sharifi-Razavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009653","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19","author":"Dugue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","article-title":"The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13473","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13473","article-title":"Neuroinfection may potentially contribute to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Steardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009508","article-title":"On being a neurologist in Italy at the time of the COVID-19 outbreak","author":"Bersano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"26","article-title":"Olfactory neuropathy in severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of A case","volume":"15","author":"Hwang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.23.20041889","article-title":"Coincidence of COVID-19 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.031","article-title":"The host's angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism may explain epidemiological findings in COVID-19 infections","volume":"505","author":"Delanghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004999117","article-title":"Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes","volume":"117","author":"Forster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-020-00205-2","article-title":"Tracing new clinical manifestations in patients with covid-19 in chile and its potential relationship with the SARS-CoV-2 divergence","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56cc51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NURSE.0000327497.08688.47","article-title":"Understanding the pathophysiology of fever","volume":"38","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nursing."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"202","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01751.x","article-title":"Viral encephalitis and epilepsy","volume":"49","author":"Misra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0105-7","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: central regulator for cardiovascular function","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13641","article-title":"Angiotensin II regulation of angiotensin-converting enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat primary astrocyte cultures","volume":"138","author":"Gowrisankar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00416","article-title":"The ascending reticular activating system from pontine reticular formation to the thalamus in the human brain","volume":"7","author":"Yeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0346-0","article-title":"Post-infectious headache: a reactive headache?","volume":"12","author":"Prakash","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0785-x","article-title":"Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Headache","volume":"23","author":"Ogunlaja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020921664","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease is associated with an increased disease severity in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis of published literature","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13230","article-title":"Thromboembolic events and apparent heparin resistance in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Beun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104362","article-title":"Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past","volume":"127","author":"Giannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14850","article-title":"Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in Intensive Care Unit. A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis","author":"Panigada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up","author":"Bikdeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317055","article-title":"COVID-19 and the heart","volume":"126","author":"Akhmerov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020923472","article-title":"COVID-19 and stroke-A global World Stroke Organization perspective","author":"Markus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00498\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:08:48Z","timestamp":1589864928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00498\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2020.00498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"article-number":"498"}}