{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:48:33Z","timestamp":1789753713648,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent, B-cell mediated autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or other components of the post-synaptic muscle endplate at the neuromuscular junction. These specific antibodies serve as excellent biomarkers for diagnosis, but do not adequately substitute for clinical evaluations to predict disease severity or treatment response. Several immunoregulatory cell populations are implicated in the pathogenesis of MG. The immunophenotype of these populations has been well-characterized in human peripheral blood. CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) are functionally defective in MG, but there is a lack of consensus on whether they show numerical perturbations. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have also been explored in the context of MG. Adoptive transfer of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FoxP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tregs or MDSCs suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), a rodent model of MG, suggesting a protective role of both populations in this disease. An imbalance between follicular Tregs and follicular T helper cells is found in untreated MG patients, correlating with disease manifestations. There is an inverse correlation between the frequency of circulating IL-10\u2013producing B cells and clinical status in MG patients. Taken together, both functional and numerical defects in various populations of immunoregulatory cells in EAMG and human MG have been demonstrated, but how they relate to pathogenesis and whether these cells can serve as biomarkers of disease activity in humans deserve further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.593431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T18:46:25Z","timestamp":1610304385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Immunoregulatory Cells in Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Garden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000596","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: from autoantibodies to therapy","volume":"31","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoantibody-Induced Pathology","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13592","article-title":"Serological and experimental studies in different forms of myasthenia gravis","volume":"1413","author":"Vincent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Gilhus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.01.006","article-title":"Measuring clinical treatment response in myasthenia gravis","volume":"36","author":"Barnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200309000-00011","article-title":"Single fiber EMG as an outcome measure in myasthenia gravis: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Meriggioli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23330","article-title":"Recommendations for myasthenia gravis clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Benatar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","article-title":"Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. 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