{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:16:18Z","timestamp":1790842578482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface responsible for maintaining the central nervous system homeostasis. Its unique characteristics allow protecting the brain from unwanted compounds, but its impairment is involved in a vast number of pathological conditions. Disruption of the BBB and increase in its permeability are key in the development of several neurological diseases and have been extensively studied in stroke. Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent type of stroke and is characterized by a myriad of pathological events triggered by an arterial occlusion that can eventually lead to fatal outcomes such as hemorrhagic transformation (HT). BBB permeability seems to follow a multiphasic pattern throughout the different stroke stages that have been associated with distinct biological substrates. In the hyperacute stage, sudden hypoxia damages the BBB, leading to cytotoxic edema and increased permeability; in the acute stage, the neuroinflammatory response aggravates the BBB injury, leading to higher permeability and a consequent risk of HT that can be motivated by reperfusion therapy; in the subacute stage (1\u20133 weeks), repair mechanisms take place, especially neoangiogenesis. Immature vessels show leaky BBB, but this permeability has been associated with improved clinical recovery. In the chronic stage (&amp;gt;6 weeks), an increase of BBB restoration factors leads the barrier to start decreasing its permeability. Nonetheless, permeability will persist to some degree several weeks after injury. Understanding the mechanisms behind BBB dysregulation and HT pathophysiology could potentially help guide acute stroke care decisions and the development of new therapeutic targets; however, effective translation into clinical practice is still lacking. In this review, we will address the different pathological and physiological repair mechanisms involved in BBB permeability through the different stages of ischemic stroke and their role in the development of HT and stroke recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T08:05:31Z","timestamp":1607501131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":356,"title":["Pathophysiology of Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Permeability Throughout the Different Stages of Ischemic Stroke and Its Implication on Hemorrhagic Transformation and Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Bernardo-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Andr\u00e9","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Br\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Cec\u00edlia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Almendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sargento-Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.11.009","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: physiology and strategies for drug delivery","author":"Pandit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119491","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based blood-brain-barrier (BBB) crossing strategies","volume":"224","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.01.002","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"38","author":"Serlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16629976","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier after stroke: structural studies and the role of transcytotic vesicles","volume":"37","author":"Haley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hest.2019.12.004","article-title":"The blood brain barrier in cerebral ischemic injury \u2013 disruption and repair","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Hemorrhages."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C135","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00136.2018","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke","volume":"316","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2015.07.007","article-title":"Formation and maintenance of the BBB","volume":"138","author":"Blanchette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech Dev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00095.2018","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection","volume":"315","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1154641","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2016.1154641","article-title":"Junctional proteins of the blood-brain barrier: new insights into function and dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Stamatovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190278","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.190278","article-title":"The multifarious regulation of the apical junctional complex","volume":"10","author":"Rusu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201412147","article-title":"Brain barriers : crosstalk between complex tight junctions and adherens junctions","volume":"209","author":"Tietz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.07.001","article-title":"Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises","volume":"21","author":"Armulik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Cell."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13165","article-title":"Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease","volume":"508","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.11.008","article-title":"Pericytes, an overlooked player in vascular pathobiology","volume":"171","author":"Ferland-McCollough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00193","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in neuro-vascular unit and the tripartite synapse with emphasis on reactive gliosis in the context of alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00103","article-title":"The contribution of astrocytes to the regulation of cerebral blood flow","volume":"8","author":"Howarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01980-7","article-title":"The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"135","author":"Brambilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20954","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and matrix receptors in blood-brain barrier formation and stroke","volume":"71","author":"Baeten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509","article-title":"Microglia and the brain: complementary partners in development and disease","volume":"34","author":"Hammond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.06.046","article-title":"Microglia in the neurovascular unit: blood\u2013brain barrier\u2013microglia interactions after central nervous system disorders","volume":"405","author":"Thurgur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0504-2","article-title":"Microglia: housekeeper of the central nervous system","volume":"38","author":"Kabba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00072","article-title":"Microglia ontology and signaling","volume":"4","author":"El Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120240.Microglia","article-title":"Microglia development and function","volume":"32","author":"Nayak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812218-1.00003-8","article-title":"Physiology of the blood-Brain barrier and mechanisms of transport across the BBB","volume":"2018","author":"Lalatsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05","article-title":"Endothelial tightjunctions: permeable barriers of the vesselwall","volume":"95","author":"Bazzoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics6040557","article-title":"Smuggling drugs into the brain: an overview of ligands targeting transcytosis for drug delivery across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"Georgieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.14.67","article-title":"Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers","volume":"5","author":"Laksitorini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Deliv."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3109\/09687688.2014.937468","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: structure, function and therapeutic approaches to cross it","volume":"31","author":"Tajes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Membr Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00573-8","article-title":"Mechanisms in blood-brain barrier opening and metabolism-challenged cerebrovascular ischemia with emphasis on ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Sarvari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1583205","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier receptors and transporters: an insight on their function and how to exploit them through nanotechnology","volume":"16","author":"Moura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2016.30","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases","volume":"6","author":"Barar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioImpacts."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.11.26","article-title":"Improving the transport of chemotherapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"4","author":"Orthmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.11.72","article-title":"Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles : the rational design","volume":"11","author":"Lombardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Beilstein J Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","article-title":"Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-018-0984-0","article-title":"Economic burden of stroke: a systematic review on post-stroke care","volume":"20","author":"Rajsic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heal Econ."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.12.30","article-title":"Advanced neuroimaging in stroke patients: prediction of tissue fate and hemorrhagic transformation","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2018.00015","article-title":"Stroke repair via biomimicry of the subventricular zone","volume":"5","author":"Matta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mater."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2009.00387.x","article-title":"Topical reviews oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Stroke Organ Int J Stroke."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.133801","article-title":"Stroke biomarkers : progress and challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, differentiation, and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Saenger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chemestry."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.106.CEREBRAL","article-title":"Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats \u2013 a 3 T MRI study on biphasic blood-brain barrier opening and the dynamics of edema formation","volume":"29","author":"Pillai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.08.005","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier tight junction permeability and ischemic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Sandoval","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008861","article-title":"Assessment of blood\u2013brain barrier disruption in stroke","volume":"46","author":"Kassner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2014-0029","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability imaging using perfusion computed tomography","volume":"49","author":"Avsenik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol Oncol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.199","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown involves four distinct stages of vascular damage in various models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x20924099","article-title":"CD36 deficiency reduces chronic BBB dysfunction and scar formation and improves activity, hedonic and memory deficits in ischemic stroke","author":"Balkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2013.00007","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: an engineering perspective","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroeng."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.608257","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0408-0","article-title":"The 3 Rs of stroke biology: radial, relayed, and regenerative","volume":"13","author":"Carmichael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00485-2","article-title":"The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroprotection and angiogenesis following ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Heydari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600435RR","article-title":"Regulation of brain endothelial barrier function by microRNAs in health and neuroinflammation","volume":"30","author":"Lopez-ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.10.2189","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs are associated with blood-brain barrier opening after reperfusion in rat brain","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000421","article-title":"Biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier following transient focal ischemia: effects of hypothermia","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0516-6","article-title":"Time-course investigation of blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and tight junction protein changes in a rat model of permanent focal ischemia","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.42","article-title":"Dynamic changes in vascular permeability, cerebral blood volume, vascular density, and size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: evaluation with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.02.012","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier is continuously open for several weeks following transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"153","author":"Strbian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.05.025","article-title":"Post-ischemic blood-brain barrier leakage in rats: one-week follow-up by MRI","volume":"1280","author":"Durukan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171558","article-title":"Evolution of blood-brain-barrier permeability after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Merali","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2503080257","article-title":"Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke: prediction with CT perfusion","volume":"250","author":"Aviv","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3468-1","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability assessed by perfusion computed tomography predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute reperfusion therapy","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.203","article-title":"Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans","volume":"34","author":"Jickling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.06.002","article-title":"Post-ischemic leakiness of the blood-brain barrier: a quantitative and systematic assessment by Patlak plots","volume":"219","author":"Abo-Ramadan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004801","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells enhance blood-brain barrier permeability in subacute stroke","volume":"90","author":"Sargento-Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003566","article-title":"DCE-MRI blood\u2013brain barrier assessment in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"88","author":"Villringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15617172","article-title":"Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral edema","volume":"36","author":"Stokum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-017-1847-6","article-title":"Imaging of cerebral ischemic edema and neuronal death","volume":"59","author":"von Kummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360404","article-title":"Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia","volume":"36","author":"Hossmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.126","article-title":"Evolution of regional changes in apparent diffusion coefficient during focal ischemia of rat brain: the relationship of quantitative diffusion NMR imaging to reduction in cerebral blood flow and metabolic disturbances","volume":"15","author":"Hoehn-Berlage","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-16.2016","article-title":"Glutamate-mediated blood\u2013brain barrier opening: implications for neuroprotection and drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Vazana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-44-306600-0\/50052-3","article-title":"Cerebral Ischemia and Inflammation","volume-title":"Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management","author":"Iadecola","year":"2004"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.490193","article-title":"Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke","volume":"38","author":"Bardutzky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70055-8","article-title":"Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications","volume":"6","author":"Simard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182697e70","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier, reperfusion injury, and hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"79","author":"Khatri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000100341.78607.EB","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in experimental models of brain disorders","volume":"23","author":"Dijkhuizen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12225","article-title":"Early blood brain barrier changes in acute ischemic stroke: a sequential MRI study","volume":"25","author":"Giraud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70313-6","article-title":"Neurological complications of acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Balami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550040037012","article-title":"\u201cMalignant\u201d middle cerebral artery territory infarction","volume":"54","author":"Hacke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000158","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association\/American stroke association","volume":"49","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz057","article-title":"Clinical benefit of thrombectomy in stroke patients with low ASPECTS is mediated by oedema reduction","volume":"142","author":"Broocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"ArquizanC\n            LapergueB\n            JovinT\n            CostalatV\n          MOSTE LASTE | In Extremis Study - MOSTE LASTE"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0501.1000213","article-title":"Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain: mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000113737.58014.B4","article-title":"Ischemic stunning of the brain: early recanalization without immediate clinical improvement in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1067\/mnc.2002.123207","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Maytin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2022","article-title":"Pericyte contraction induced by oxidative-nitrative stress impairs capillary reflow despite successful opening of an occluded cerebral artery","volume":"15","author":"Yemisci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0847-6","article-title":"Brain microvascular pericytes in health and disease","volume":"122","author":"Dalkara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1079","article-title":"Timing of spontaneous recanalization and risk of hemorrhagic transformation in acute cardioembolic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Molina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.28.11.2109","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage After Intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke","volume":"28","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93815","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ra19715a","article-title":"Effects of cerebral glucose levels in infarct areas on stroke injury mediated by blood glucose changes","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.02.035","article-title":"Autophagy- and MMP-2\/9-mediated reduction and redistribution of ZO-1 contribute to hyperglycemia-increased blood\u2013brain barrier permeability during early reperfusion in stroke","volume":"377","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.248","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates hypoxia-induced vascular leakage in the brain via tight junction rearrangement","volume":"30","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2012.05.008","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress in hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown","volume":"84","author":"Al Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.004","article-title":"Permeability of the blood-brain barrier depends on brain temperature","volume":"161","author":"Kiyatkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00839.x","article-title":"Pathophysiologic cascades in ischemic stroke","volume":"7","author":"Xing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Stroke."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5020035","article-title":"MicroRNAs in neuroinflammation : implications in therapeutic applications","volume":"5","author":"Slota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-8659.2017.09","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2016.25.5.241","article-title":"Inflammation after Ischemic stroke: the role of leukocytes and glial cells","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01401-0","article-title":"Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view","volume":"22","author":"Dirnagl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.12.002","article-title":"Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: dualistic roles in injury and repair","volume":"115","author":"Chengrui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20951995","article-title":"Regulation of blood\u2013brain barrier integrity by microglia in health and disease: a therapeutic opportunity","volume":"40","author":"Ronaldson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803058-5.00058-8","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines in stroke","volume":"2017","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Cerebrovasc Dis Second Ed."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.872102","article-title":"The significance of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in the ischemic stroke","volume":"124","author":"Kurzepa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00056","article-title":"Implications of MMP9 for blood brain barrier disruption and hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-09469-3_34","article-title":"Mechanisms and markers for hemorrhagic transformation after stroke","volume":"105","author":"Rosell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1387","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.99512","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase expression is related to hemorrhagic transformation after cardioembolic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Montaner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200004070-00013","article-title":"Expression of IL-6 in the ischemic penumbra","volume":"11","author":"Block","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trprot.2014.03.001","article-title":"Chemokines after human ischemic stroke: from neurovascular unit to blood using protein arrays","volume":"3","author":"Garc\u00eda-Berrocoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Proteomics."},{"key":"B113","first-page":"282","article-title":"Serial measurements of levels of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 in serum of patients with acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Zaremba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015864","article-title":"Postischemic treatment with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor nimesulide reduces blood- brain","volume":"100","author":"Eduardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000044","article-title":"Neutrophils - a key component of ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"40","author":"Schofield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.042","article-title":"Different prognostic value of white blood cell subtypes in patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"222","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009179","article-title":"Analysis of the association of MPO and MMP-9 with stroke severity and outcome","volume":"95","author":"Maestrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.500868","article-title":"MMP-9-positive neutrophil infiltration is associated to blood-brain barrier breakdown and basal lamina type IV collagen degradation during hemorrhagic transformation after human ischemic stroke","volume":"39","author":"Rosell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-011-0117-x","article-title":"Elevated peripheral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase 9 as biomarkers of functional outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23815","article-title":"Adoptive regulatory T-cell therapy protects against cerebral ischemia","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:28:3:229","article-title":"Triggers and mediators of hemorrhagic transformation in cerebral ischemia","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.067058","article-title":"Haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke following thrombolysis therapy: classification, pathogenesis and risk factors","volume":"84","author":"Thanvi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12504","article-title":"Early blood-brain barrier disruption after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000358297","article-title":"Increased blood-brain barrier permeability on perfusion computed tomography predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"72","author":"Ozkul-Wermester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017486","article-title":"Permeability surface of deep middle cerebral artery territory on computed tomographic perfusion predicts hemorrhagic transformation after stroke","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284185119887593","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185119887593","article-title":"MRI for prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Suh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5936-7","article-title":"Perfusion CT for prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Suh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20199","article-title":"Early blood-brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia","volume":"56","author":"Latour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000014619.59851.65","article-title":"Prediction of hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy of clot embolism: an MRI investigation in rat brain","volume":"33","author":"Neumann-Haefelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62230-5","article-title":"Haemorrhagic transformation following ischaemic stroke: a retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Pande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000439548","article-title":"Hemorrhagic transformation in patients with cerebral infarction referred to a rehabilitation hospital","volume":"4","author":"Maeshima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interv Neurol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.17.2.179","article-title":"Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction - a prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Hornig","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01275.2004","article-title":"Leukocyte-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates blood-brain barrier breakdown and is proinflammatory after transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"289","author":"Gidday","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000091765.61714.30","article-title":"Activation systems for latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 are upregulated immediately after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6409-11.2012","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-2-mediated occludin degradation and caveolin-1-mediated claudin-5 redistribution contribute to blood-brain barrier damage in early ischemic stroke stage","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.030","article-title":"A large screening of angiogenesis biomarkers and their association with neurological outcome after ischemic stroke","volume":"216","author":"Navarro-Sobrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000125861.55804.f2","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and myeloperoxidase expression: quantitative analysis by antigen immunohistochemistry in a model of transient focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Maier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-6-49","article-title":"Effect of neutrophil depletion on gelatinase expression, edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation after focal ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Harris","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000248","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown and neovascularization processes after stroke and traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007494","article-title":"Endothelial trauma from mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke: in vitro live-cell platform with animal validation","volume":"46","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00163-X","article-title":"Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials","volume":"387","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000454721","article-title":"Risk of intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interv Neurol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014080","article-title":"Predictors and impact of hemorrhagic transformations after endovascular thrombectomy in patients with acute large vessel occlusions","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-010743","article-title":"Predictors and clinical relevance of hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular therapy for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 1122 patients","volume":"7","author":"Nogueira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.024512","article-title":"Predictors of parenchymal hematoma after mechanical thrombectomy: a multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Boisseau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400918769912","article-title":"Collateral pial circulation relates to the degree of brain edema on CT 24 hours after ischemic stroke","volume":"31","author":"Galego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104494","article-title":"Contrast extravasation is predictive of poor clinical outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2909","article-title":"Differentiation of hemorrhage from iodinated contrast in different intracranial compartments using dual-energy head CT","volume":"33","author":"Phan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025914","article-title":"Frequency of blood-brain barrier disruption post-endovascular therapy and multiple thrombectomy passes in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"50","author":"Luby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027122","article-title":"Letter by Ren\u00fa et al. Regarding Article, Frequency of blood-brain barrier disruption post-endovascular therapy and multiple thrombectomy passes in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"50","author":"Ren\u00fa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000152","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"48","author":"Yaghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.516799","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of hemorrhagic transformation and arterial recanalization in acute hemispheric ischemic stroke","volume":"40","author":"Seidel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7297-8","article-title":"Frequency and predictors of spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke and its association with prognosis","volume":"261","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1349766","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for predicting hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke","volume":"128","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.01.004","article-title":"Measuring permeability in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Kassner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/55166688","article-title":"Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging techniques: CT and MRI","volume":"84","author":"O'Connor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-996-0003-1","article-title":"Imaging of the brain and cerebral vasculature in patients with suspected stroke: advantages and disadvantages of CT and MRI","volume":"6","author":"Kidwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2014.15.5.554","article-title":"Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a comprehensive update on principles and techniques","volume":"15","author":"Jahng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17721830","article-title":"Consensus statement on current and emerging methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"38","author":"Donahue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132813Y.0000000250","article-title":"A review of current imaging methods used in stroke research","volume":"35","author":"Wey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Res."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_11_18","article-title":"Current progress in searching for clinically useful biomarkers of blood\u2013brain barrier damage following cerebral ischemia","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.875471","article-title":"Potential serum biomarkers in the pathophysiological processes of stroke","volume":"14","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000321965","article-title":"Biochemical markers for blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute ischemic stroke correlate with evolution and outcome","volume":"65","author":"Brouns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.497719","article-title":"MRI detection of early blood-brain barrier disruption: parenchymal enhancement predicts focal hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis","volume":"39","author":"Hjort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000144051.32131.09","article-title":"Evidence of reperfusion injury, exacerbated by thrombolytic therapy, in human focal brain ischemia using a novel imaging marker of early blood-brain barrier disruption","volume":"35","author":"Warach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1881-9","article-title":"Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on FLAIR is not associated with early haemorrhagic transformation in the elderly","volume":"20","author":"Rozanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3749-5","article-title":"Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is associated with higher contrast agent dosage in acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Ostwaldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277425","article-title":"MRI measurement of blood\u2013brain barrier leakage: minding the gaps","volume":"597","author":"Thrippleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052656","article-title":"Arrival time correction for dynamic susceptibility contrast MR permeability imaging in stroke patients","volume":"7","author":"Leigh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-016-0167-3","article-title":"Correction of T1 effects in calculation of relative recirculation in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"36","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Biol Eng."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2244","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability assessed by perfusion ct predicts symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and malignant edema in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"32","author":"Hom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188238","article-title":"High-permeability region size on perfusion CT predicts hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous thrombolysis in stroke","volume":"12","author":"Puig","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000485043","article-title":"Computed tomography perfusion derived blood-brain barrier permeability does not yet improve prediction of hemorrhagic transformation","volume":"45","author":"Horsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000385","article-title":"In-vivo imaging of bloodbrain barrier permeability using positron emission tomography with 2-amino-[3-11C] isobutyric acid","volume":"36","author":"Okada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22357","article-title":"Molecular imaging of microglia\/macrophages in the brain","volume":"61","author":"Venneti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01634-2","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier integrity of stroke patients presenting in an extended time window","volume":"20","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002862","article-title":"Pretreatment blood-brain barrier disruption and post-endovascular intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"87","author":"Leigh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.522847","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of blood-brain barrier permeability derangements in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"40","author":"Bang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987319883461","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography perfusion in the prediction of haemorrhagic transformation and patient outcome in acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Adebayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000046764.57344.31","article-title":"Plasma metalloproteinase-9 concentration predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"34","author":"Castellanos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.09.014","article-title":"Predictive value of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations for spontaneous haemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a cohort study in Chinese patients","volume":"58","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00473","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 relationship with infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation in the era of thrombectomy","volume":"11","author":"Mechtouff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B183","first-page":"109","article-title":"Peripheral markers of brain damage and blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Marchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.480111","article-title":"Elevated serum S100B levels indicate a higher risk of hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke","volume":"38","author":"Foerch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e9a83","article-title":"Serum tight-junction proteins predict hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"79","author":"Kazmierski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.12.001","article-title":"Focusing on claudin-5: a promising candidate in the regulation of BBB to treat ischemic stroke","volume":"161","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.16.2.268","article-title":"Ct contrast enhancement on brain scans and blood-csf barrier disturbances in cerebral ischemic infarction","volume":"16","author":"Hornig","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860120","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/860120","article-title":"The role of circulating tight junction proteins in evaluating blood brain barrier disruption following intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"2015","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis Markers."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001558","article-title":"Effects of microvascular permeability changes on contrast-enhanced T1 and pharmacokinetic MR imagings after ischemia","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5060056","article-title":"Angiogenesis in ischemic stroke and angiogenic effects of chinese herbal medicine","volume":"5","author":"Seto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0483-6","article-title":"Angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia","volume":"117","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.371","article-title":"Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.03.022","article-title":"Therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke with the concept of neurovascular unit","volume":"126","author":"Ozaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2014.0005","article-title":"Angiogenesis-regulating microRNAs and ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905309116","article-title":"Nogo-A targeted therapy promotes vascular repair and functional recovery following stroke","volume":"116","author":"Rust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.9.1794","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Krupinski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20906815","article-title":"Insights into the dual role of angiogenesis following stroke","volume":"40","author":"Rust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2018.11.012","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell\u2013derived extracellular vesicles: a new impetus of promoting angiogenesis in tissue regeneration","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10144","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis","volume":"473","author":"Carmeliet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-019-09683-z","article-title":"The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ \/ DEP-1 contributes to the regulation of the Notch-signaling pathway and sprouting angiogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Fournier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angiogenesis."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200204000-00002","article-title":"Correlation of VEGF and angiopoietin expression with disruption of blood-brain barrier and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0461-7","article-title":"Exosome - mediated targeted delivery of miR - 210 for angiogenic therapy after cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4161\/21688370.2014.978720","article-title":"Blood cells and endothelial barrier function","volume":"3","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2010.01138.x","article-title":"Review: molecular pathogenesis of blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Nag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.11.016","article-title":"Neurogenesis is enhanced by stroke in multiple new stem cell niches along the ventricular system at sites of high BBB permeability","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0113972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113972","article-title":"Stroke increases neural stem cells and angiogenesis in the neurogenic niche of the adult mouse","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01301.x","article-title":"Recruitment of neural precursor cells from circumventricular organs of patients with cerebral ischaemia","volume":"39","author":"Sanin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.02.001","article-title":"Vascular changes in the subventricular zone after distal cortical lesions","volume":"194","author":"Gotts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00060.x","article-title":"Direct stimulation of adult neural stem cells by vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"14","author":"Sch\u00e4nzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22723","article-title":"Beneficial effects of gfap\/vimentin reactive astrocytes for axonal remodeling and motor behavioral recovery in mice after stroke","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408258102","article-title":"Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1\u03b1\/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway","volume":"101","author":"Imitola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.65","article-title":"Thrombospondins 1 and 2 are necessary for synaptic plasticity and functional recovery after stroke","volume":"28","author":"Liauw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000278","article-title":"Meta-analysis of preclinical studies of mesenchymal stromal cells for ischemic stroke","volume":"82","author":"Vu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026318","article-title":"Phase I\/II study of safety and preliminary efficacy of intravenous allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in chronic stroke","volume":"50","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.01.004","article-title":"Enhancing endogenous capacity to repair a stroke-damaged brain: an evolving field for stroke research","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00388-3","article-title":"Dual functions of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018505","article-title":"Fingolimod protects against ischemic white matter damage by modulating microglia toward M2 polarization via STAT3 pathway","volume":"48","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520398113","article-title":"Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier","volume":"113","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1432-18.2018","article-title":"Claudin-1-dependent destabilization of the blood-brain barrier in chronic stroke","volume":"39","author":"Sladojevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001606","article-title":"Intracranial hemorrhage after ischemic stroke: incidence, time trends, and predictors in a Swedish Nationwide Cohort of 196 765 Patients","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6gren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0605-3","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cells transplantation attenuated blood-brain barrier damage after ischemia in diabetic mice via HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"8","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003556","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage is more widespread in patients with cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009589","article-title":"Long-term blood-brain barrier permeability changes in binswanger disease","volume":"46","author":"Huisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.172072","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased in normal-appearing white matter in patients with lacunar stroke and leucoaraiosis","volume":"81","author":"Topakian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21549","article-title":"Lacunar stroke is associated with diffuse blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"65","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00221","article-title":"Compromised blood-brain barrier integrity is associated with total magnetic resonance imaging burden of cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8550-8","article-title":"Higher blood\u2013brain barrier permeability is associated with higher white matter hyperintensities burden","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003561","article-title":"A dysfunctional blood-brain barrier and cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"88","author":"Hainsworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2017.02922","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: a review focusing on pathophysiology, biomarkers, and machine learning strategies","volume":"20","author":"Cuadrado-Godia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000169924.60783.d4","article-title":"Markers of endothelial and hemostatic activation and progression of cerebral white matter hyperintensities: longitudinal results of the Austrian stroke prevention study","volume":"36","author":"Markus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.506337","article-title":"C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam scan study","volume":"112","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318246d6b7","article-title":"Levels of heparin-releasable TFPI are increased in first-ever lacunar stroke patients","volume":"78","author":"Knottnerus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10111","article-title":"Homocysteine, silent brain infarcts, and white matter lesions: The Rotterdam scan study","volume":"51","author":"Vermeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000221308.94473.14","article-title":"White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury","volume":"37","author":"Fernando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.5.1162","article-title":"White matter damage is associated with matrix metalloproteinases in vascular dementia","volume":"32","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000356796","article-title":"Thrombolysis in acute stroke patients with cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"37","author":"Pantoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014096","article-title":"Leukoaraiosis, cerebral hemorrhage, and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis (v1)","volume":"47","author":"Charidimou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.012992","article-title":"Microbleeds, cerebral hemorrhage, and functional outcome after stroke thrombolysis: individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Charidimou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00842-1","article-title":"CD151 alleviates early blood \u2013 brain barrier dysfunction after experimental focal brain ischemia in rats","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV16006","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator treatment for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"24","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087790.79851.A8","article-title":"Functional and histological evidence for the protective effect of NXY-059 in a primate model of stroke when given 4 hours after occlusion","volume":"34","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000017145.22806.AA","article-title":"Effects of the spin trap agent disodium-[(tert-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide (generic NXY-059) on intracerebral hemorrhage in a rabbit large clot embolic stroke model: combination studies with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"33","author":"Lapchak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.015","article-title":"NXY-059, a failed stroke neuroprotectant, offers no protection to stem cell-derived human neurons","volume":"27","author":"Antonic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070240","article-title":"NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"357","author":"Shuaib","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023815","article-title":"Clinical effects of early edaravone use in acute ischemic stroke patients treated by endovascular reperfusion therapy","volume":"50","author":"Enomoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.48.292","article-title":"Administration of free radical scavenger edaravone associated with higher frequency of hemorrhagic transformation in patients with cardiogenic embolism","volume":"48","author":"Mishina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.044","article-title":"The mitochondria- targeted peptide, bendavia, attenuated ischemia\/reperfusion-induced stroke damage","volume":"443","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e036994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036994","article-title":"Human stanniocalcin-1 suppresses angiotensin II-induced superoxide generation in cardiomyocytes through UCP3-mediated anti-oxidant pathway","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.10.062","article-title":"Stanniocalcin 1 is important for poststroke functionality, but dispensable for ischemic tolerance","volume":"229","author":"Durukan Tolvanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.103956","article-title":"Stanniocalcin-1 ameliorates cerebral ischemia by decrease oxidative stress and blood brain barrier permeability","volume":"128","author":"Bonfante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515716","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/515716","article-title":"Neuroprotection in stroke: past, present, and future","volume":"2014","author":"Majid","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Neurol."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000309","article-title":"Effects of minocycline plus tissue plasminogen activator combination therapy after focal embolic stroke in type 1 diabetic rats","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13403","article-title":"Minocycline and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.618215","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in an exploratory trial of intravenous minocycline for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"42","author":"Switzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018658","article-title":"Minocycline in acute cerebral hemorrhage an early phase randomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Fouda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.002","article-title":"Assessment of blood-brain barrier disruption using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Heye","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.10.50","article-title":"Viral vectors and delivery strategies for CNS gene therapy","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther Deliv."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30201","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b11782","article-title":"Natural brain penetration enhancer-modified albumin nanoparticles for glioma targeting delivery","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.12.025","article-title":"Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain","volume":"195","author":"Crowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.12.006","article-title":"Antibody-functionalized polymer nanoparticle leading to memory recovery in Alzheimer's disease-like transgenic mouse model","volume":"14","author":"Carradori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.03.028","article-title":"RVG29-modified docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles for brain-targeted glioma therapy","volume":"543","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pharm."},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42633-9","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles for targeted stroke therapy through modulation of inflammatory and metabolic signaling","volume":"9","author":"Amani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.9","article-title":"Inhibition of VEGF signaling pathway attenuates hemorrhage after tPA treatment","volume":"31","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.01.026","article-title":"Let-7G counteracts endothelial dysfunction and ameliorating neurological functions in mouse ischemia\/reperfusion stroke model","volume":"87","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027531","article-title":"MicroRNA-126-3p\/-5p overexpression attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"51","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay5686","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aay5686","article-title":"Endothelium-targeted deletion of the miR-15a \/ 16-1 cluster ameliorates blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Signal."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T08:05:48Z","timestamp":1607501148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"references-count":266,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.594672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"article-number":"594672"}}