{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:34:47Z","timestamp":1788914087464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> (1) To assess whether neuroticism, state anxiety, and body vigilance are higher in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) compared to a recovered vestibular patient group and a non-dizzy patient group; (2) To gather pilot data on illness perceptions of patients with PPPD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> 15 cases with PPPD and two control groups: (1) recovered vestibular patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12) and (2) non-dizzy patients (no previous vestibular insult, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12). Main outcome measures: Scores from the Big Five Inventory (BFI) of personality traits, Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) scale, Body Vigilance Scale (BVS), Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), modified Vertigo Symptom Scale (VSS) and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared to non-dizzy patients, PPPD cases had higher neuroticism (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), higher introversion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.008), lower conscientiousness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) and higher anxiety (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). There were no differences between PPPD cases and recovered vestibular patients in BFI and GAD-7. PPPD cases had higher body vigilance to dizziness than both control groups and their illness perceptions indicated higher levels of threat than recovered vestibular patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> PPPD patients showed statistically significant differences to non-dizzy patients, but not recovered vestibular controls in areas such as neuroticism and anxiety. Body vigilance was increased in PPPD patients when compared with both recovered vestibular and non-dizzy patient groups. PPPD patients also exhibited elements of negative illness perception suggesting that this may be the key element driving the development of PPPD. Large scale studies focusing on this area in the early stages following vestibular insult are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.601883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:24:59Z","timestamp":1611221099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Assessment of Potential Risk Factors for the Development of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness: A Case-Control Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Trinidade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Harman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Staab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Goebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-170622","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): consensus document of the committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society","volume":"27","author":"Staab","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition Beta Version Draft (ICD-11 Beta), Definition of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002010","article-title":"Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) \u2013 a systematic review of the literature for the balance specialist","volume":"39","author":"Trinidade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.12.006","article-title":"What accounts for vertigo one year after neuritis vestibularis - anxiety or a dysfunctional vestibular organ?","volume":"39","author":"Godemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318151a4dd","article-title":"Predicting continued dizziness after an acute peripheral vestibular disorder","volume":"69","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.386","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from vestibular neuritis: a prospective study","volume":"4","author":"Cousins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.09.034","article-title":"Who is at risk for ongoing dizziness and psychological strain after a vestibular disorder?","volume":"164","author":"Best","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402736","article-title":"Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"40","author":"Staab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.11.013","article-title":"Psychological distress longitudinally mediates the effect of vertigo symptoms on vertigo-related handicap","volume":"93","author":"Probst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.11.008","article-title":"Anxious, introverted personality traits in patients with chronic subjective dizziness","volume":"76","author":"Staab","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1211763","article-title":"Analysis of the characteristics of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a clinical-based study in China","volume":"56","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-160590","article-title":"Chronic subjective dizziness: analysis of underlying personality factors","volume":"26","author":"Chiarella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020","article-title":"The brief illness perception questionnaire","volume":"60","author":"Broadbent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.109934","article-title":"From illness perceptions to illness reality? Perceived consequences and emotional representations relate to handicap in patients with vertigo and dizziness","volume":"130","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2013.809485","article-title":"Vestibular function after vestibular neuritis","volume":"52","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.593551","article-title":"Recurrence of vertigo in patients with vestibular neuritis","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200403000-00010","article-title":"Is perception of handicap related to functional performance in persons with vestibular dysfunction?","volume":"25","author":"Whitney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2016.03.003","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral model of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"24","author":"Whalley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Bahav Pract"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000417","article-title":"Functional dizziness: from phobic postural vertigo and chronic subjective dizziness to persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"30","author":"Dieterich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001809","article-title":"Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness","volume":"18","author":"Popkirov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3757\/jser.76.316","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and persistent perceptual postural dizziness: international classification of vestibular disorders by B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society","volume":"76","author":"Horii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equilibrium Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8518631","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8518631","article-title":"Cognitive behaviour therapy as augmentation for sertraline for treating patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"2018","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480410023001","article-title":"Experience of handicap and anxiety in phobic postural vertigo","volume":"125","author":"Holmberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(00)00041-4","article-title":"Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo","volume":"15","author":"Balaban","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.1002577","article-title":"Anxiety among individuals with visual vertigo and vestibulopathy","volume":"37","author":"Zur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e747","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002325","article-title":"A validated questionnaire to assess the severity of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD): the Niigata PPPD Questionnaire (NPQ)","volume":"40","author":"Yagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09817-0","article-title":"Visually-induced dizziness is associated with sensitivity and avoidance across all senses","volume":"267","author":"Powell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015309","article-title":"Public health significance of neuroticism","volume":"64","author":"Lahey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00334","article-title":"Role of the insula and vestibular system in patients with chronic subjective dizziness: an fMRI study using sound-evoked vestibular stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Indovina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23411","article-title":"Neuroticism modulates brain visuo-vestibular and anxiety systems during a virtual rollercoaster task","volume":"38","author":"Riccelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-190653","article-title":"Brain responses to virtual reality visual motion stimulation are affected by neurotic personality traits in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"28","author":"Passamonti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2011.10.009","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic subjective dizziness: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Edelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1772994","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural therapy for chronic subjective dizziness: predictors of improvement in Dizziness Handicap Inventory at 6 months posttreatment","author":"Toshishige","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.6-6-536","article-title":"Why illness perceptions matter","volume":"6","author":"Petrie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23147","article-title":"Illness perceptions and mortality in patients with gout: a prospective observational study","volume":"69","author":"Serlachius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.10.004","article-title":"Illness beliefs before cardiac surgery predict disability, quality of life, and depression 3 months later","volume":"68","author":"Juergens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.11.006","article-title":"Can an illness perception intervention reduce illness anxiety in spouses of myocardial infarction patients? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Broadbent","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq068","article-title":"The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients","volume":"133","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.05.010","article-title":"Differences in illness perceptions between patients with non-epileptic seizures and functional limb weakness","volume":"79","author":"Ludwig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.601883\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:25:10Z","timestamp":1611221110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.601883\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2020.601883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.601883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"article-number":"601883"}}