{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T06:14:40Z","timestamp":1770012880935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric neurodevelopmental disorder with the cardinal clinical features of motor and phonic tics. Clinical phenomenology can be complex since, besides tics, there are other features including premonitory urges preceding tics, pali-, echo-, and coprophenomena, hypersensitivity to external stimuli, and symptom dependency on stress, attention, and other less well-defined factors. Also, the rate of comorbidities, particularly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, is high. Mirroring the complexities of the clinical course and phenomenology, pathophysiological findings are very diverse, and etiology is disputed. It has become clear, though, that abnormalities in the basal ganglia and their connections with cortical areas are key for the understanding of the pathophysiology and as regards etiology, genetic factors are crucial. Against this background, both adequate clinical management of TS and TS-related research require multidisciplinary preferably international cooperation in larger groups or networks to address the multiple facets of this disorder and yield valid and useful data. In particular, large numbers of patients are needed for brain imaging and genetic studies. To meet these requirements, a number of networks and groups in the field of TS have developed over the years creating an efficient, lively, and supportive international research community. In this review, we will provide an overview of these groups and networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.624858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T04:52:51Z","timestamp":1618289571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Networks in the Field of Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kleimaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Kleimaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Behm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Weissbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"B\u00e4umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Beste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"M\u00fcnchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16097","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1024\/1016-264X\/a000274","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a model disorder of increased perception-action binding?","volume":"30","author":"Kleimaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Neuropsychologie."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1024\/1016-264X\/a000277","article-title":"Swearing, cursing, coprophenomena-a continuum?","volume":"30","author":"Wagner-Altendorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Neuropsychologie."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03135.x","article-title":"Coprophenomena in Tourette syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome","volume":"360","author":"Leckman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.1.98","article-title":"Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Leckman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445514522056","article-title":"The modulating role of stress in the onset and course of Tourette's syndrome: a review","volume":"38","author":"Buse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Modif."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.008","article-title":"Temporal relationship between premonitory urges and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Brandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.041","article-title":"The temporal relationship between premonitory urges and covert compulsions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"262","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00084","article-title":"Tic frequency decreases during short-term psychosocial stress - 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