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Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal non-convulsive status epilepticus (fNCSE) is a neurological condition characterized by a prolonged seizure that may lead to the development of epilepsy. Emerging experimental evidence implicates neuronal death, microglial activation and alterations in the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic balance as key features in the pathophysiology following fNCSE. We have previously reported alterations in the excitatory adhesion molecule N-cadherin in rats with fNCSE originating from the hippocampus that subsequently also develop spontaneous seizures. In this study, fNCSE rats were treated intraperitoneally with the conventional anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam in combination with intraparenchymal infusion of N-cadherin antibodies (Ab) for 4 weeks post-fNCSE. The N-cadherin Ab was infused into the fornix and immunohistochemically N-cadherin Ab-stained neurons were detected within the dorsal hippocampal structures as well as in superjacent somatosensory cortex. Continuous levetiracetam treatment for 4 weeks post-fNCSE reduced microglia activation, including cell numbers and morphological changes, partly decreased neuronal cell loss, and excitatory post-synaptic scaffold protein PSD-95 expression in selective hippocampal structures. The additional treatment with N-cadherin Ab did not reverse neuronal loss, but moderately reduced microglial activation, and further reduced PSD-95 levels in the dentate hilus of the hippocampus. Despite the effects on brain pathology within the epileptic focus, neither monotherapy with systemic levetiracetam nor levetiracetam in combination with local N-cadherin Ab administration, reduced the amount of focal or focal evolving into bilateral convulsive seizures, seizure duration, or interictal epileptiform activity during 1 month of continuous electroenephalogram recordings within the hippocampus after fNCSE. Behavioral tests for spatial memory, anxiety, social interaction and anhedonia did not detect gross behavioral differences between fNCSE rats with or without treatment. The results reveal the refractory features of the present rodent model of temporal lobe epilepsy following fNCSE, which supports its clinical value for further therapeutic studies. We identify the persistent development of epilepsy following fNCSE, in spite of partly reduced brain pathology within the epileptic focus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.630154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T05:33:11Z","timestamp":1614144791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Levetiracetam and N-Cadherin Antibody Alleviate Brain Pathology Without Reducing Early Epilepsy Development After Focal Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Una","family":"Avdic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Ahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"My","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine T.","family":"Ekdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00701","article-title":"Immune profile in blood following non-convulsive epileptic seizures in rats","volume":"10","author":"Avdic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.11.010","article-title":"Status epilepticus severity influences the long-term outcome of neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus","volume":"15","author":"Mohapel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13632","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2234031100","article-title":"Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain","volume":"100","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035557","article-title":"Altered synaptic properties during integration of adult-born hippocampal neurons following a seizure insult","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04635.x","article-title":"Long-term neuronal replacement in adult rat hippocampus after status epilepticus despite chronic inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Bonde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(95)80002-6","article-title":"NMDA antagonists: antiepileptic-neuroprotective drugs with diversified neuropharmacological profiles","volume":"32","author":"Sagratella","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.07.024","article-title":"The NMDA receptor complex as a therapeutic target in epilepsy: a review","volume":"22","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2004.02.002","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam and levetiracetam-diazepam combinations in experimental status epilepticus","volume":"58","author":"Mazarati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285608094212","article-title":"Is levetiracetam different from other antiepileptic drugs? 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