{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:08:40Z","timestamp":1792681720119,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meige syndrome (MS) is cranial dystonia characterized by the combination of upper and lower cranial involvement and including binocular eyelid spasms (blepharospasm; BSP) and involuntary movements of the jaw muscles (oromandibular dystonia; OMD). The etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder of the extrapyramidal system are not well-understood. Neurologic and ophthalmic examinations often reveal no abnormalities, making diagnosis difficult and often resulting in misdiagnosis. A small proportion of patients have a family history of the disease, but to date no causative genes have been identified to date and no cure is available, although botulinum toxin A therapy effectively mitigates the symptoms and deep brain stimulation is gaining increasing attention as a viable alternative treatment option. Here we review the history and progress of research on MS, BSP, and OMD, as well as the etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.630221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T05:23:47Z","timestamp":1616995427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Blepharospasm, Oromandibular Dystonia, and Meige Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Update"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongying","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangjun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26934","article-title":"Blepharospasm 40 years later","volume":"32","author":"Defazio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5_Suppl_5.S1","article-title":"Classification of dystonia","volume":"78","author":"Fahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85","article-title":"Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF international workshop","volume":"71","author":"Hallett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.04.006","article-title":"Meige syndrome: what's in a name?","volume":"15","author":"LeDoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"437","article-title":"Les convulsions de la face. 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