{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:07:51Z","timestamp":1753891671416,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is increasingly being linked to brain health impacts. The emerging situation is consistent with evidence of immunological injury to the brain, which has been described as a resulting \u201cbrain fog.\u201d The situation need not be medicalized but rather clinically managed in terms of improving resilience for an over-stressed nervous system. Pre-existing comparisons include managing post-concussion syndromes and\/or brain fog. The objective evaluation of changes in cognitive functioning will be an important clinical starting point, which is being accelerated through pandemic digital health innovations. Pre-morbid brain health can significantly optimize risk factors and existing clinical frameworks provide useful guidance in managing over-stressed COVID-19 nervous systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.630986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:33:35Z","timestamp":1632738815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mitigating Long-Term COVID-19 Consequences on Brain Health"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ryan C. N.","family":"D'Arcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagdeep K.","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Besemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms25740\n            MarshallS\n            BayleyM\n            McCullaghS\n            VelikonjaD\n            BerriganL\n          25871303Can Fam Physician.582012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry","volume":"95","author":"Romero-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2730","article-title":"Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs patients with influenza","volume":"77","author":"Merkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323586","article-title":"Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19","volume":"91","author":"Beyrouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010111","article-title":"Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Kanberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010116","article-title":"Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors","volume":"95","author":"Coolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373","article-title":"Neuropathological features of Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14442","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may be an underappreciated pathogen of the central nervous system","volume":"27","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31282-4","article-title":"Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"395","author":"von Weyhern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2","volume":"94","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features","volume":"31","author":"Poyiadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000821","article-title":"Increased CSF levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2-associated encephalitis","volume":"7","author":"Bodro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0341","article-title":"A Canadian perspective on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and treatment: how prevalent underlying inflammatory disease contributes to pathogenesis","volume":"99","author":"Willows","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689709000916","article-title":"What caused the 1918-30 epidemic of encephalitis lethargica?","volume":"90","author":"Dourmashkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","article-title":"A case of probable Parkinson's disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0161","article-title":"Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits","volume":"17","author":"Kontoangelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102596","article-title":"The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation","volume":"54","author":"Barker-Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00204","article-title":"Lifestyle choices and brain health","volume":"6","author":"Mintzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110025","article-title":"Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Physiol."},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"2012"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.19.05899-4","article-title":"Using virtual reality-based training to improve cognitive function, instrumental activities of daily living and neural efficiency in older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"56","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.156","article-title":"Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health","volume":"19","author":"Mattson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.53","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder - pathogenesis and prospects for treatment","volume":"12","author":"Saylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-11","article-title":"Improving the clinical assessment of consciousness with advances in electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques","volume":"10","author":"Gawryluk","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy317","article-title":"Brain vital signs detect concussion-related neurophysiological impairments in ice hockey","volume":"142","author":"Fickling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings","volume":"143","author":"Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00358","article-title":"Brain vital signs detect information processing differences when neuromodulation is used during cognitive skills training","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00968","article-title":"Brain vital signs: expanding from the auditory to visual modality","volume":"12","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1527-2","article-title":"Multimodal characterization of the semantic N400 response within a rapid evaluation brain vital sign framework","volume":"16","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00211","article-title":"Developing brain vital signs: initial framework for monitoring brain function changes over time","volume":"10","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00347","article-title":"Brain vital signs detect cognitive improvements during combined physical therapy and neuromodulation in rehabilitation from severe traumatic brain injury: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Fickling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1939.2.6.494","article-title":"Effects of acoustic stimuli on the waking human brain","volume":"2","author":"Davis","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Neurophysio"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.155.3768.1436","article-title":"Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential","volume":"155","author":"Sutton","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7350657","article-title":"Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity","volume":"207","author":"Kutas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0041","article-title":"The international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF): A unifying model for the conceptual description of the rehabilitation strategy","volume":"39","author":"Stucki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rehab Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.630986\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T10:33:42Z","timestamp":1632738822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.630986\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.630986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.630986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-2295"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"article-number":"630986"}}