{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T20:50:12Z","timestamp":1764363012136,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017054","name":"NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Informatization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31627802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31627802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Responsive neural stimulation (RNS) is considered a promising neural modulation therapy for refractory epilepsy. Combined stimulation on different targets may hold great promise for improving the efficacy of seizure control since neural activity changed dynamically within associated brain targets in the epileptic network. Three major issues need to be further explored to achieve better efficacy of combined stimulation: (1) which nodes within the epileptogenic network should be chosen as stimulation targets? (2) What stimulus frequency should be delivered to different targets? and (3) Could the efficacy of RNS for seizure control be optimized by combined different stimulation targets together? In our current study, Granger causality (GC) method was applied to analyze epileptogenic networks for finding key targets of RNS. Single target stimulation (100 \u03bcA amplitude, 300 \u03bcs pulse width, 5s duration, biphasic, charge-balanced) with high frequency (130 Hz, HFS) or low frequency (5 Hz, LFS) was firstly delivered by our lab designed RNS systems to CA3, CA1, subiculum (SUB) of hippocampi, and anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT). The efficacy of combined stimulation with different groups of frequencies was finally assessed to find out better combined key targets with optimal stimulus frequency. Our results showed that stimulation individually delivered to SUB and CA1 could shorten the average duration of seizures. Different stimulation frequencies impacted the efficacy of seizure control, as HFS delivered to CA1 and LFS delivered to SUB, respectively, were more effective for shortening the average duration of electrographic seizure in Sprague-Dawley rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3). Moreover, the synchronous stimulation of HFS in CA1 combined with LFS in SUB reduced the duration of discharge significantly in rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6). The combination of responsive stimulation at different targets may be an inspiration to optimize stimulation therapy for epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.638795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T06:13:46Z","timestamp":1629958426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Combination of Matching Responsive Stimulations of Hippocampus and Subiculum for Effective Seizure Suppression in Temporal Lobe 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