{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:26:35Z","timestamp":1772249195883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Early reports have detailed a range of neurological symptoms in patients with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is a lack of detailed description and incidence of the neurological disorders amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We describe a range of neurological disorders (other than non-specific neurological symptoms), including their clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings, encountered in our cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary institution.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We reviewed our prospectively collated database of all adult Neurology referrals, Neurology and Stroke admissions and Neurological multi-disciplinary team meetings for all hospitalized patients with suspected or proven COVID-19 from 17 March 2020 to 31 August 2020.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Twenty-nine of 1,243 COVID-19 inpatients (2.3%) presented with COVID-19-related neurological disorders. The mean age was 68.9 \u00b1 13.5(SD) years, age range of 34\u201397 years, and there were 16 males. Twenty two patients had confirmed, five were probable and two had suspected COVID-19 infection according to the WHO case classification. Eight patients (27%) required critical care admission. Neurological symptoms at presentation included acute confusion and delirium, seizures, and new focal neurological deficits. Based on the pre-defined neurological phenotype, COVID-19 patients were grouped into four main categories. Sixteen patients had cerebrovascular events (13 with acute ischemic stroke and three had hemorrhagic features), seven patients were found to have inflammatory, non-inflammatory and autoimmune encephalopathy (including two with known Multiple Sclerosis), whilst disorders of movement and peripheral nervous system were diagnosed in three patients each.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Although the exact prevalence and etiology remain unclear, new onset of neurological disorders, in addition to anosmia, is non-sporadic during the acute COVID-19-infection. Longitudinal follow-up of these patients is required to determine the clinical and functional outcome, treatment response and long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T21:10:32Z","timestamp":1613855432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neurological Disorders Associated With COVID-19 Hospital Admissions: Experience of a Single Tertiary Healthcare Center"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Permesh Singh","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Dineen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Tanasescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Nikfekr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cris S.","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akram A.","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-192020"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"COVID-19 Dashboard by the Centre for Systems Science and Engineering at John Hopkins University"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000431","article-title":"Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","article-title":"Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young","volume":"382","author":"Oxley","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6588","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Disease in COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings","volume":"143","author":"Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3601761","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study","volume":"7","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14781","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Lillicrap","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.041","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041747","article-title":"Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination","volume":"351","author":"Smeeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"COVID-19: Notice under Regulation 3(4) of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations2002"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"COVID-19 Case Definition2020"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.012","article-title":"Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy?","volume":"88","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E89","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6795","article-title":"Hemorrhagic neurologic manifestations in COVID-19: an isolated or multifactorial cause?","volume":"41","author":"Dhillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e440","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004363","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically Ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"48","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"113","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1408795","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Arabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436.","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 - preliminary report","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa239","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: neuroimaging, histological and clinical description","volume":"143","author":"Hernandez-Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6630","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in patients with COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Nicholson","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202222","article-title":"Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: a retrospective observational study","volume":"297","author":"Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016289","article-title":"Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds","volume":"48","author":"Fanou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2","volume":"94","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","article-title":"The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2","article-title":"Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series","volume":"19","author":"Matschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6751","article-title":"Olfactory bulb signal abnormality in patients with COVID-19 who present with neurologic symptoms","volume":"41","author":"Strauss","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30147-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 indicate autoimmunity","volume":"1","author":"Lucchese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1165.","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid features in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive patients","author":"Bellon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238419","article-title":"Sudden irreversible hearing loss post COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Koumpa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","article-title":"Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12553","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalopathies","volume":"1338","author":"Leypoldt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp052","article-title":"Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms","volume":"37","author":"Severance","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3631281.","article-title":"Effectiveness of tests to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, to inform COVID-19 diagnosis: a rapid systematic review","author":"Jarrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T03:28:50Z","timestamp":1618543730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.640017","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.22.20235184","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"article-number":"640017"}}