{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:44:44Z","timestamp":1793353484568,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agitation is a behavioral syndrome characterized by increased, often undirected, motor activity, restlessness, aggressiveness, and emotional distress. According to several observations, agitation prevalence ranges from 30 to 50% in Alzheimer's disease, 30% in dementia with Lewy bodies, 40% in frontotemporal dementia, and 40% in vascular dementia (VaD). With an overall prevalence of about 30%, agitation is the third most common neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia, after apathy and depression, and it is even more frequent (80%) in residents of nursing homes. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying agitation is represented by a frontal lobe dysfunction, mostly involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), respectively, meaningful in selecting the salient stimuli and subsequent decision-making and behavioral reactions. Furthermore, increased sensitivity to noradrenergic signaling has been observed, possibly due to a frontal lobe up-regulation of adrenergic receptors, as a reaction to the depletion of noradrenergic neurons within the locus coeruleus (LC). Indeed, LC neurons mainly project toward the OFC and ACC. These observations may explain the abnormal reactivity to weak stimuli and the global arousal found in many patients who have dementia. Furthermore, agitation can be precipitated by several factors, e.g., the sunset or low lighted environments as in the sundown syndrome, hospitalization, the admission to nursing residencies, or changes in pharmacological regimens. In recent days, the global pandemic has increased agitation incidence among dementia patients and generated higher distress levels in patients and caregivers. Hence, given the increasing presence of this condition and its related burden on society and the health system, the present point of view aims at providing an extensive guide to facilitate the identification, prevention, and management of acute and chronic agitation in dementia patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.644317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T14:00:52Z","timestamp":1618581652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Agitation and Dementia: Prevention and Treatment Strategies in Acute and Chronic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Carrarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedele","family":"Dono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Barbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna G.","family":"Rispoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Digiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ajdinaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Speranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Granzotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Frazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Onofrj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano L.","family":"Sensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214001963","article-title":"Agitation in cognitive disorders: International Psychogeriatric Association provisional consensus clinical and research definition","volume":"27","author":"Cummings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0572-3","article-title":"Treatment options for agitation in dementia","volume":"21","author":"Ringman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000074080","article-title":"Agitation in Alzheimer's disease is a manifestation of frontal lobe dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"Senanaronga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000455127","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia","volume":"17","author":"Anor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13604","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for alleviating agitation in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Kongpakwattana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"55","article-title":"Agitation as a possible expression of generalized anxiety disorder in demented elderly patients: toward a treatment approach","volume":"57","author":"Mintzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2017.16.2.33","article-title":"Anxiety in dementia","volume":"16","author":"Kwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement Neurocognitive Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600638511","article-title":"Relationship between anxiety and agitation in dementia","volume":"10","author":"Twelftree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Ment Heal."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-200516","article-title":"The relationship between anxiety and incident agitation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.4.426","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: association with neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200102000-00013","article-title":"Activities of daily living in Alzheimer's disease: neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and medical illness influences","volume":"9","author":"Tekin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.72","article-title":"Orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex neurofibrillary tangle burden is associated with agitation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"49","author":"Tekin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.10.1233","article-title":"Clinical and pathological evidence for a frontal variant of Alzheimer disease","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200600","article-title":"Pathological correlations of neuropsychiatric symptoms in institutionalized people with dementia","volume":"78","author":"Esteban De Antonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31816029ec","article-title":"Increased neurofibrillary tangles in patients with Alzheimer disease with comorbid depression","volume":"16","author":"Rapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.03.002","article-title":"Biomarkers of aggression in dementia","volume":"69","author":"Gotovac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neuro Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12213","article-title":"Invited review: frontotemporal dementia caused by microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) mutations: a chameleon for neuropathology and neuroimaging","volume":"41","author":"Ghetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.04.014","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia-frequency, relationship to dementia severity and comparison in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"236","author":"Srikanth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1994.3","article-title":"Positron-emission tomography and personality disorders","volume":"10","author":"Goyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv155","article-title":"GABA content within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is related to trait anxiety","volume":"11","author":"Delli Pizzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.01.017","article-title":"18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography cortical metabolic activity associated with distinct agitation behaviors in Alzheimer disease","volume":"25","author":"Weissberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/2245","article-title":"Maintaining internal representations: the role of the human superior parietal lobe","volume":"1","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086624","article-title":"Structural alteration of the dorsal visual network in DLB patients with visual hallucinations: a cortical thickness MRI study","volume":"9","author":"Delli Pizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.025","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: clues to separate origins","volume":"248","author":"Onofrj","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3233\/BEN-129022","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in PD and lewy body dementias: old and new hypotheses","volume":"27","author":"Onofrj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301285","article-title":"Abnormal neurotransmitter release underlying behavioral and cognitive disorders: toward concepts of dynamic and function-specific dysregulation","volume":"32","author":"Sarter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.210","article-title":"Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Trinh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.03.003","article-title":"The neurochemistry of agitation in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4265-05.2006","article-title":"Compensatory changes in the noradrenergic nervous system in the locus ceruleus and hippocampus of postmortem subjects with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"11","author":"Szot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.10.018","article-title":"The dopaminergic neurotransmitter system is associated with aggression and agitation in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"52","author":"Engelborghs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2018125","article-title":"Managing challenging behaviours in dementia","volume":"59","author":"Ooi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Singapore Med J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.173501","article-title":"The American psychiatric association practice guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia","volume":"173","author":"Reus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.017","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms as early manifestations of emergent dementia: provisional diagnostic criteria for mild behavioral impairment","volume":"12","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-57642009dn20400004","article-title":"Mild behavioral impairment: a prodromal stage of dementia","volume":"2","author":"Taragano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.08m04181","article-title":"Mild behavioral impairment and risk of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 358 patients","volume":"70","author":"Taragano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2004-6101","article-title":"Frontotemporal mild cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"De Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39138-0_9","article-title":"Aggression, agitation, hyperactivity, and irritability","volume-title":"Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03613.x","article-title":"Agitation in dementia: concept clarification","volume":"52","author":"Kong","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAN."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.57.071604.141451","article-title":"\u201cSundowning\u201d and other temporally associated agitation states in dementia patients","volume":"57","author":"Bachman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273","article-title":"Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis","volume":"10032","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0649-8","article-title":"\u201cDelirium Day\u201d: a nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool","volume":"14","author":"Bellelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04887-4","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin in COVID-19 patients prevents delirium and shortens hospitalization","volume":"42","author":"D'Ardes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578015","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.578015","article-title":"Behavioral and psychological effects of coronavirus disease-19 quarantine in patients with dementia","volume":"11","author":"Cagnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement","volume":"65","author":"Beach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2012.09.005","article-title":"Altered mental status in older patients in the emergency department","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2017.05.010","article-title":"Behavioral emergencies: special considerations in the geriatric psychiatric patient","volume":"40","author":"Aftab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.049","article-title":"Approach to the agitated emergency department patient","volume":"54","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317514524813","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Tampi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Prevention, diagnosis, and management of serotonin syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Ables","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000605","article-title":"Aggression and agitation in dementia","volume":"24","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.9.6863","article-title":"Medical evaluation and triage of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American association for emergency psychiatry project BETA medical evaluation workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Nordstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2005","article-title":"Comparison of self-reported to observational agitation scales","volume":"41","author":"Zun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200109000-00002","article-title":"Role of agitation in prediction of outcomes after traumatic brain injury","volume":"80","author":"Bogner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25677\/10968\/4333","article-title":"Using the behavioural activity rating scale as a vital sign in the psychiatric emergency service","author":"Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mountain Scholar"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.4.541","article-title":"The overt agitation severity scale for the objective rating of agitation","volume":"9","author":"Yudofsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3109\/13651500903056533","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the modified overt aggression scale","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199400210-00008","article-title":"The pittsburgh agitation scale: a user-friendly instrument for rating agitation in dementia patients","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297003530","article-title":"Conceptualization of agitation: results based on the cohen-mansfield agitation inventory and the agitation behavior mapping instrument","volume":"8","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1171","article-title":"Assessment of agitation in elderly patients with dementia: correlations between informant rating and direct observation","volume":"19","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2100","article-title":"Comparison and agreement between the richmond agitation-sedation scale and the riker sedation-agitation scale in evaluating patients' eligibility for delirium assessment in the ICU","volume":"142","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199907000-00008","article-title":"Motor activity assessment scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Devlin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","article-title":"The richmond agitation-sedation scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"166","author":"Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu021","article-title":"Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people","volume":"43","author":"Bellelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","article-title":"Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"29","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14412","article-title":"A European academy of neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia","volume":"27","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S095925980400108X","article-title":"What is person-centred care in dementia?","volume":"13","author":"Brooker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Clin Gerontol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01109","article-title":"The hyperactivity-impulsivity-irritiability-disinhibition-aggression-agitation domain in Alzheimer's disease: current management and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Keszycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70045-6","article-title":"Caring for aged dementia care resident study (CADRES) of person-centred care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"Chenoweth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52501.x","article-title":"Effect of person-centered showering and the towel bath on bathing-associated aggression, agitation, and discomfort in nursing home residents with dementia: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Sloane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38782.575868.7C","article-title":"Effect of enhanced psychosocial care on antipsychotic use in nursing home residents with severe dementia: cluster randomised trial","volume":"332","author":"Fossey","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of dementia care mappingTM to reduce agitation in care home residents with dementia: an open-cohort cluster randomised controlled trial","volume-title":"Aging Ment Health.","author":"Surr","year":"2020"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1159\/000354366","article-title":"The effect of person-centred dementia care to prevent agitation and other neuropsychiatric symptoms and enhance quality of life in nursing home patients: a 10-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Rokstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30045-8","article-title":"Clinical and cost-effectiveness of the managing agitation and raising quality of life (MARQUE) intervention for agitation in people with dementia in care homes: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Livingston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00742","article-title":"Effects of music on agitation in dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2580","article-title":"Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000211","article-title":"The effects of white noise on agitated behaviors, mental status, and activities of daily living in older adults with dementia","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nurs Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2018.1498447","article-title":"Can lifelike baby dolls reduce symptoms of anxiety, agitation, or aggression for people with dementia in long-term care? Findings from a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Moyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214561532","article-title":"Implementation of a baby doll therapy protocol for people with dementia: innovative practice","volume":"14","author":"Braden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dementia."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.03.043","article-title":"Which unmet needs contribute to behavior problems in persons with advanced dementia?","volume":"228","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02951.x","article-title":"Can agitated behavior of nursing home residents with dementia be prevented with the use of standardized stimuli?","volume":"58","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07918","article-title":"Efficacy of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in advanced dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2019.2933192","article-title":"Agitation monitoring and prevention system for dementia caregiver empowerment","volume":"52","author":"Homdee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"281","article-title":"Besi: behavior learning and tracking with wearable and in-home sensors - a dementia case-study: poster abstract","volume-title":"IoTDI 2019 - Proceeding 2019 Internet Things Des Implement","author":"Alam","year":"2019"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-020-00312-y","article-title":"Behavioral interventions for alzheimer's management using technology: home-based monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Geriatr Rep."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.08.014","article-title":"ECHO-AGE: an innovative model of geriatric care for long-term care residents with dementia and behavioral issues","volume":"15","author":"Catic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2020.1733726","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality and persons with dementia: a literature review","volume":"63","author":"Strong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1159\/000500040","article-title":"A mini-review of virtual reality-based interventions to promote well-being for people living with dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"65","author":"D'Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2019.104207","article-title":"Use and impact of virtual reality simulation in dementia care education: a scoping review","volume":"84","author":"Hirt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2019-0018","article-title":"The place for electroconvulsive therapy in the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag","author":"Tampi","year":"2019"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.03.001","article-title":"The study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture versus a sham procedure versus standard care alone for the treatment of delirium in acutely hospitalized older adults with a medical illness","volume":"124","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-200741","article-title":"Evaluation and effectiveness of dementia staff training programs in general hospital settings: a narrative synthesis with holton's three-level model applied","volume":"78","author":"Gkioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000095","article-title":"Pain, agitation, and behavioural problems in people with dementia admitted to general hospital wards: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"156","author":"Sampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9784","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9748","article-title":"Management of agitation in huntington's disease: a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01147-2","article-title":"Considerations and current trends in the management of the geriatric patient on a consultation-liaison service","volume":"22","author":"Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2012.12.015","article-title":"Delirium: a key challenge for perioperative care","volume":"11","author":"Regan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4690","article-title":"Detection and management of hyperactive and hypoactive delirium in older patients during hospitalization: a retrospective cohort study evaluating daily practice","volume":"33","author":"Van Velthuijsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0070-8","article-title":"Room transfers and the risk of delirium incidence amongst hospitalized elderly medical patients: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03678.x","article-title":"Matching the environment to patients with delirium: lessons learned from the delirium room, a restraint-free environment for older hospitalized adults with delirium","volume":"59","author":"Flaherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2389.2003.51320.x","article-title":"A model for managing delirious older inpatients","volume":"51","author":"Flaherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-41","article-title":"A new model of delirium care in the acute geriatric setting: geriatric monitoring unit","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S60259","article-title":"Outcomes of an innovative model of acute delirium care: the geriatric monitoring unit (GMU)","volume":"9","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12030342","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotic use in patients with dementia: managing safety concerns","volume":"169","author":"Steinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7497.922-a","article-title":"Dutch doctors should tackle female genital mutilation","volume":"330","author":"Sheldon","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2462","article-title":"FDA warns antipsychotic drugs may be risky for elderly","volume":"293","author":"Kuehn","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.3.460","article-title":"Comparison of citalopram, perphenazine, and placebo for the acute treatment of psychosis and behavioral disturbances in hospitalized, demented patients","volume":"7","author":"Pollock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Pract Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180cc1ff5","article-title":"A double-blind comparison of citalopram and risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with dementia","volume":"15","author":"Pollock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.93","article-title":"Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: the CitAD randomized clinical trial","volume":"311","author":"Porsteinsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.06.010","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of citalopram compared to atypical antipsychotics on agitation in nursing home residents with alzheimer dementia","volume":"18","author":"Viscogliosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211000743","article-title":"Escitalopram versus risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized double-blind pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Barak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.636","article-title":"Gender, aggression and serotonergic function are associated with response to sertraline for behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Lanct\u00f4t","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s3201","article-title":"The efficacy of mirtazapine in agitated patients with Alzheimer's disease: a 12-week open-label pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Cakir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035185","article-title":"Efficacy of memantine for agitation in Alzheimer's dementia: a randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.11.002","article-title":"A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled withdrawal trial comparing memantine and antipsychotics for the long-term treatment of function and neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease (MAIN-AD)","volume":"16","author":"Ballard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0293-6","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of agitation and aggression in dementia: Do they have a place in therapy?","volume":"74","author":"Gallagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000199236","article-title":"Effect of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of agitation and aggression in severe dementia","volume":"27","author":"Sommer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260060.60870.89","article-title":"Quetiapine for agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia and parkinsonism","volume":"68","author":"Kurlan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03399-7","article-title":"Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study","volume":"356","author":"McKeith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041470","article-title":"Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease","volume":"351","author":"Emre","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.708","article-title":"Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study","volume":"72","author":"Aarsland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.993","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Leroi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.050682","article-title":"Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study","volume":"76","author":"Ravina","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000077171","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: a randomised, controlled trial with trazodone","volume":"17","author":"Lebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802328142","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the VantagE study","volume":"24","author":"Ballard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00087","article-title":"Pimavanserin: a novel antipsychotic with potentials to address an unmet need of older adults with dementia-related psychosis","volume":"11","author":"Yunusa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B126","unstructured":"ITI-007 for the Treatment of Agitation in Patients With Dementia, Including Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"B127","unstructured":"A Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Efficacy, and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole in Treating Agitation Associated With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type"},{"key":"B128","unstructured":"Brexpiprazole for the Long-term Treatment of Patients With Agitation Associated With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type"},{"key":"B129","unstructured":"Brexpiprazole for the Treatment of Patients With Agitation Associated With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type"},{"key":"B130","unstructured":"Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study of AVP-923 (Dextromethorphan\/Quinidine) for Treatment of Symptoms of Agitation in Alzheimer's Patients"},{"key":"B131","unstructured":"Long Term, Extension Study of the Safety and Efficacy of AVP-786 for the Treatment of Agitation in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type"},{"key":"B132","unstructured":"The Effect of Cannabis on Dementia Related Agitation and Aggression"},{"key":"B133","unstructured":"Safety and Efficacy of Nabilone in Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12067","article-title":"Delirium in older persons: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"318","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072397","article-title":"Treatment of delirium in older persons: what we should not do! Int J Mol Sci","volume":"21","author":"Lauretani","year":"2020"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.231","article-title":"A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients","volume":"153","author":"Breitbart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_59_17","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of haloperidol and olanzapine in the treatment of delirium","volume":"59","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v69n1204","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the risk of acute extrapyramidal symptoms with intramuscular antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation","volume":"69","author":"Satterthwaite","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(04)70170-X","article-title":"A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium","volume":"45","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01355.x","article-title":"Antipsychotics and dopamine transporter gene polymorphisms in delirium patients","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i1.26","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs and liver disease: a critical review of pharmacokinetics and liver toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Telles-Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S163842","article-title":"Treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementias with psychopharmaceuticals: a review","volume":"14","author":"Masopust","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201901-024OC","article-title":"Association of opioid and benzodiazepine use with adverse respiratory events in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"VE01","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/13407.6538","article-title":"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: benzodiazepines and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"B145","first-page":"214","article-title":"Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-009-0021-x","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs and renal failure: translating the evidence for clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Baghdady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.24","article-title":"Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Fong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004990","article-title":"Trazodone for agitation in dementia","author":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.07.010","article-title":"Trazodone for Alzheimer's disease: a naturalistic follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"L\u00f3pez-Pousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1679","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) for reducing the incidence of postoperative delirium after elective total hip replacement","volume":"22","author":"Sampson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-5846(03)00119-2","article-title":"Donepezil for anticholinergic drug intoxication: a case report","volume":"27","author":"Noyan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879801100308","article-title":"Donepezil improves symptoms of delirium in dementia: implications for future research","volume":"11","author":"Wengel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200512000-00010","article-title":"Donepezil in the prevention and treatment of post-surgical delirium","volume":"13","author":"Liptzin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2012.18.s5-b.1","article-title":"Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics","author":"Maher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111779","article-title":"Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer's disease: phase1outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial","volume":"165","author":"Sultzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.04.016","article-title":"When and how to treat agitation in alzheimer's disease dementia with citalopram and escitalopram","volume":"27","author":"Aga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002.FDA","article-title":"Clinical considerations for older adults","volume":"10","author":"Marcum ZA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12171","article-title":"Treating agitation and aggression in patients with Alzheimer's disease with escitalopram","volume":"16","author":"\u017dmuc Verani\u010d","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2012.05.002","article-title":"FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults","volume":"10","author":"Marcum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Pharmacother."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa066583","article-title":"Donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"357","author":"Howard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38369.459988.8F","article-title":"Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"330","author":"Ballard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160902","article-title":"Galantamine response associates with agitation and the prefrontal cortex in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"57","author":"Nakayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1476140","article-title":"The modern role of antipsychotics for the treatment of agitation and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Creese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181ab8c61","article-title":"Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease with agitation and aggression","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(77)91163-1","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension due to prazosin","volume":"1","author":"Thein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00463-8","article-title":"Vascular dementia","volume":"386","author":"O'Brien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.025","article-title":"The brain lipidomes of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and mixed dementia","volume":"35","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117744996","article-title":"Sequential drug treatment algorithm for agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's and mixed dementia","volume":"32","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161020500219X","article-title":"Evaluation of risperidone in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms and sleep disturbances associated with dementia","volume":"17","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000200589.01396.6d","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1542","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of risperidone versus haloperidol on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume":"21","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.09.002","article-title":"Dosage and duration of antipsychotic treatment in demented outpatients with agitation or psychosis","volume":"114","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301492","article-title":"ACNP white paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia","volume":"33","author":"Jeste","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B174","first-page":"39","article-title":"Quetiapine for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials","volume":"124","author":"Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Med J."},{"key":"B175","first-page":"20","article-title":"Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in patients with dementia","volume":"85","author":"Bui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004395","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004395.pub2","article-title":"Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment","author":"Malouf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004744","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004744.pub3","article-title":"Rivastigmine for vascular cognitive impairment","author":"Birks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004746","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004746.pub2","article-title":"Galantamine for vascular cognitive impairment","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv086","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for lewy body disorders: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-013-0261-6","article-title":"Treatment of dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"15","author":"Boot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0514","article-title":"Neuroleptic sensitivity in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian dementias","volume":"66","author":"Aarsland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14184","article-title":"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by quetiapine in an elderly man with lewy body dementia","volume":"64","author":"Shea","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11090212","article-title":"Olanzapine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with probable dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"24","author":"Teng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312914","article-title":"Akinetic crisis in dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"87","author":"Bonanni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988707303335","article-title":"Clozapine for treatment-resistant agitation in dementia","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1271","article-title":"Treatment of agitation in AD: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Teri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116680924","article-title":"Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British association for psychopharmacology","volume":"31","author":"O'Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000197896","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: therapeutic interventions","volume":"24","author":"Mendez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neurol Neurosci."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1598377","article-title":"Promising therapies for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia clinical phenotypes: from symptomatic to disease-modifying drugs","volume":"20","author":"Logroscino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx327","article-title":"Neurotransmitter deficits from frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"141","author":"Murley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0506","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: treatment response to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors","volume":"58","author":"Swartz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/alz193","article-title":"Pharmacological recommendations for the symptomatic treatment of dementia: the Canadian consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of dementia 2012","volume":"5","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.173260","article-title":"Behavioural abnormalities associated with rapid deterioration of language functions in semantic dementia respond to sertraline","volume":"80","author":"Prodan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100005680","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia: recommendations for therapeutic studies, designs, and approaches","volume":"34","author":"Freedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31815c345e","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia treatment: current symptomatic therapies and implications of recent genetic, biochemical, and neuroimaging studies","volume":"21","author":"Boxer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1092520","article-title":"Progresses in treating agitation: a major clinical challenge in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Panza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000161","article-title":"Low-dose lithium treatment for agitation and psychosis in alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"31","author":"Devanand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord."},{"key":"B198","first-page":"422","article-title":"Gabapentin in geriatric psychiatry patients","volume":"43","author":"Sheldon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323929","article-title":"COVID-19 impact on consecutive neurological patients admitted to the emergency department","volume":"92","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1389-1","article-title":"Clinical presentation of COVID19 in dementia patients","volume":"24","author":"Bianchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2029540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540","article-title":"Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw open."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.5.47789","article-title":"Management of agitation during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa609","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 related encephalitis: the ENCOVID multicentre study","volume":"223","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.05.013","article-title":"Neurocovid: pharmacological recommendations for delirium associated with COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Baller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573791","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.573791","article-title":"Delirium during recovery in patients with severe COVID-19: two case reports","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000534","article-title":"Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease: an international delphi consensus","volume":"31","author":"Kales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int psychogeriatrics."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01168","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: state of the art and future progress","volume":"11","author":"Magierski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2016.1193155","article-title":"Investigational drugs for treating agitation in persons with dementia","volume":"25","author":"Garay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1155453","article-title":"Serotonergic drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia","volume":"16","author":"Magierski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2018.54.12.2899443","article-title":"Lumateperone: a new treatment approach for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Today."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01271-6","article-title":"Lumateperone: first approval","volume":"80","author":"Blair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2020-0013","article-title":"Brexpiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia and agitation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Stummer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00154.x","article-title":"Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: a brief overview","volume":"7","author":"\u00dc\u00e7ok","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00707-7","article-title":"Management of dementia-related psychosis, agitation and aggression: a review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of potential drug candidates","volume":"34","author":"Marcinkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1425","article-title":"The 5-HTTPR*S\/*L polymorphism and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease","volume":"58","author":"Sukonick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610201007827","article-title":"The 5-HTTPR polymorphism confers liability to a combined phenotype of psychotic and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease","volume":"13","author":"Sweet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010","article-title":"Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: relevance to dextromethorphan\/quinidine (Nuedexta\u00ae) clinical use","volume":"164","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1267726","article-title":"AVP-786 for the treatment of agitation in dementia of the Alzheimer's type","volume":"26","author":"Garay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2020.1742832","article-title":"Effectiveness of cannabinoids for treatment of dementia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"44","author":"Charernboon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gerontol."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0343-1","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for nighttime agitation in severe dementia","volume":"185","author":"Walther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.644317\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T14:01:35Z","timestamp":1618581695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.644317\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"references-count":223,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.644317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.644317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"article-number":"644317"}}