{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:47:26Z","timestamp":1775868446147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> In Greater Manchester (GM), prehospital clinicians use the Face Arm Speech Test (FAST) to identify suspected stroke patients alongside pathway exclusions. Within the centralized stroke service, patients with a suspected stroke are taken directly to a Hyper Acute Stroke Unit (HASU), often bypassing their local emergency department (ED). However, many of these patients are experiencing an illness that looks like a stroke but is not a stroke. The data collected in the prehospital setting is rarely used in research yet could give valuable insights into the performance of the pathway.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the presenting symptoms and final diagnoses of prehospital suspected strokes and to evaluate the adherence of prehospital stroke pathway exclusions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We analyzed data from all patients brought in by ambulance and admitted on the stroke pathway between 01\/09\/15 and 28\/02\/17. Patient demographics and all data recorded in the prehospital setting were evaluated to identify differences in stroke, TIA, and mimic patients. Pathway adherence was assessed according to whether the patient was local or out-of-area (OOA) and bypassed their local ED.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 4,216 suspected strokes were identified: 2,213 (52.5%) had a final diagnosis of stroke, 492 (11.7%) experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA), and 1,511 (35.8%) were stroke mimics. There were 714 (16.9%) patients that were identified as having at least one pathway exclusion or were FAST negative, of which 270 (37.8%) experienced a stroke. The proportion of strokes was significantly lower in those with a pathway exclusion (41.8 vs. 53.5%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and the proportion of breaches tended to be comparable or higher in the local population.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> There are high volumes of stroke mimics but identified differences indicate there is an opportunity to better utilize prehospital data. Ambulance clinicians were able to correctly overrule FAST negative results and the volume of these suggest that FAST alone may be too restrictive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.646015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T04:53:11Z","timestamp":1620622391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differences in Characteristics and Ambulance Pathway Adherence Between Strokes and Mimics Presenting to a Large UK Centralized Hyper Acute Stroke Unit (HASU)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Sammut-Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Paroutoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Parry-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2012-000465","article-title":"Strokes: mimics and chameleons","volume":"13","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-012-0185-9","article-title":"Comparison of CT and MR imaging in ischemic stroke","volume":"3","author":"Vymazal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insights Imaging."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-020-0611-0","article-title":"Mobile stroke units: bringing treatment to the patient","volume":"22","author":"Ehntholt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09910-4","article-title":"A review of mobile stroke units","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E285","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026527","article-title":"Prehospital stroke scales as screening tools for early identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"50","author":"Zhelev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000550","article-title":"The frequency, characteristics and etiology of stroke mimic presentations: a narrative review","volume":"26","author":"McClelland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.12.051","article-title":"Seizure in code stroke: stroke mimic and initial manifestation of stroke","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2013.205","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of suspected stroke","volume":"43","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000437","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the patient with acute stroke","volume":"23","author":"Southerland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018801108","article-title":"A survey of pre-hospital stroke pathways used by UK ambulance services","volume":"13","author":"McClelland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Stroke."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20190154","article-title":"Stroke-mimics in stroke-units. 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