{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:24:54Z","timestamp":1791235494094,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> Particulate matter (PM) of aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse. However, the impact of smaller PM with a greater ability to penetrate human organism has never been assessed. We evaluated the impact of PM smaller than 2.5 \u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) on the risk of MS relapse.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:<\/jats:bold> In a case-crossover study, we included 2,109 consecutive hospitalizations likely due to MS relapse in day hospital in 5 MS centers in the Paris area from January 2009 to December 2013. For each hospitalization, the natural logarithm of the average weekly PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations (\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) at the patient's residence address during each of the 6 weeks (week[0] to week[\u22125]) preceding admission was compared with the concentration during the previous week, using a conditional logistic regression adjusted on temperature, flu-like syndrome rate, pollen count, and holiday period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> average concentration during week[\u22123] was significantly associated with the risk of hospitalization for MS relapse [OR = 1.21 (CI 1.01;1.46)]. The association was stronger in patients younger than 30 years [OR=1.77 (CI 1.10; 2.83)].<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Our study demonstrates an association between exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and MS relapse, particularly in young people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.651084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T06:42:30Z","timestamp":1621579350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Fine Particulate Matter Related to Multiple Sclerosis Relapse in Young Patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Edouard","family":"Januel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Dessimond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustin","family":"Colette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Annesi-Maesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Stankoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.1289\/isesisee.2018.S02.04.33","article-title":"Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter","volume":"115","author":"Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00001805","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health","volume":"26","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults","volume":"36","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609397113","article-title":"In vivo nanoparticle imaging of innate immune cells can serve as a marker of disease severity in a model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9030","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system","volume":"114","author":"Elder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108638","article-title":"Fine particulate matter is a potential determinant of Alzheimer's disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108587","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"177","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"097023","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1115","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in netherlands: a population-based case-control study","volume":"125","author":"Seelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803273","article-title":"PM2.5 levels strongly associate with multiple sclerosis prevalence in the Province of Padua, Veneto Region, North-East Italy","volume":"25","author":"Tateo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10595-5","article-title":"PM2.5 exposure as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. 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