{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:23:28Z","timestamp":1793733808557,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DC018302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DC018302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DC000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DC000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Capillaries within the inner ear form a semi-permeable barrier called the blood-labyrinth barrier that is less permeable than capillary barriers elsewhere within the human body. Dysfunction of the blood-labyrinth barrier has been proposed as a mechanism for several audio-vestibular disorders. There has been interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) as a marker for the integrity of the blood labyrinth barrier in research and clinical settings. This scoping review evaluates the evidence for using intravenous gadolinium-enhanced MRI to assess the permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier in healthy and diseased ears.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A systematic search was conducted of three databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS. Studies were included that used GBCA to study the inner ear and permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier. Data was collected on MRI protocols used and inner ear enhancement patterns of healthy and diseased ears in both human and animal studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The search yielded 14 studies in animals and 53 studies in humans. In healthy animal and human inner ears, contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrated gradual increase in inner ear signal intensity over time that was limited to the perilymph. Signal intensity peaked at 100 min in rodents and 4 h in humans. Compared to controls, patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and otosclerosis had increased signal intensity both before and shortly after GBCA injection. In patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease and vestibular schwannoma, studies reported increased signal at 4 h, compared to controls. Quality assessment of included studies determined that all the studies lacked sample size justification and many lacked adequate control groups or blinded assessors of MRI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The included studies provided convincing evidence that gadolinium crosses the blood-labyrinth barrier in healthy ears and more rapidly in some diseased ears. The timing of increased signal differs by disease. There was a lack of evidence that these findings indicate general permeability of the blood-labyrinth barrier. Future studies with consistent and rigorous methods are needed to investigate the relationship between gadolinium uptake and assessments of inner ear function and to better determine whether signal enhancement indicates permeability for molecules other than gadolinium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.662264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T01:56:13Z","timestamp":1621475773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["MRI With Gadolinium as a Measure of Blood-Labyrinth Barrier Integrity in Patients With Inner Ear Symptoms: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Pogson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Andresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan K.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.02.002","article-title":"Regulation of retinal blood flow in health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Pournaras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486009123183","article-title":"Permeability of cochlear partitions: comparison with blood-brain barrier","volume":"52","author":"Misrahy","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009121137","article-title":"The vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in man","volume":"472","author":"Mazzoni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol Suppl."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10388","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205210109","article-title":"Perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocytes in the inner ear are essential for the integrity of the intrastrial fluid-blood barrier","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948109000208","article-title":"Nature of blood-labyrinth barrier in experimental conditions","volume":"90","author":"Juhn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(82)80016-1","article-title":"Transport characteristics of the blood\u2013perilymph barrier","volume":"3","author":"Juhn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao0935","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0935","article-title":"Delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: the challenge of the blood-labyrinth barrier","volume":"11","author":"Nyberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31815c1a61","article-title":"3 Tesla delayed contrast magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of Meniere's disease","volume":"118","author":"Carfrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909801108","article-title":"Meniere's syndrome and endolymphatic hydrops. Double-blind temporal bone study","volume":"98","author":"Rauch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20619","article-title":"Mononuclear phagocytes migrate into the murine cochlea after acoustic trauma","volume":"489","author":"Hirose","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(00)00408-0","article-title":"Significance of spiral ligament fibrocytes with cochlear inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Ichimiya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":""},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199902250-00006","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the cochlea, spiral ganglia and eighth nerve of the guinea pig","volume":"10","author":"Counter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200012180-00015","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the membranous labyrinth during in vivo gadolinium (Gd-DTPA-BMA) uptake in the normal and lesioned cochlea","volume":"11","author":"Counter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940311201212","article-title":"In vivo visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs: magnetic resonance imaging evaluation at 4","volume":"112","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480310000548","article-title":"In vivo observation of dynamic perilymph formation using 4","volume":"123","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.015","article-title":"Differential passage of gadolinium through the mouse inner ear barriers evaluated with 4","volume":"259","author":"Zou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2174\/1874440001307010027","article-title":"MRI evidence of endolymphatic impermeability to the gadolinium molecule in the in vivo mouse inner ear at 9","volume":"7","author":"Counter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Neuroimaging J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200309150-00010","article-title":"3D MRI of the in vivo vestibulo-cochlea labyrinth during Gd-DTPA-BMA uptake","volume":"14","author":"Counter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001458","article-title":"Ultra-high-field (9","volume":"38","author":"Counter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002571","article-title":"High-dose furosemide enhances the magnetic resonance signal of systemic gadolinium in the mammalian cochlea","volume":"41","author":"Videhult Pierre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24144","article-title":"Markers of cochlear inflammation using MRI","volume":"39","author":"Floc'h","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging JMRI."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"13","article-title":"Contrast enhancement of the labyrinth on MR scans in patients with sudden hearing loss and vertigo: evidence of labyrinthine disease","volume":"12","author":"Seltzer","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100601","article-title":"Labyrinthine enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in sudden deafness and vertigo: correlation with audiologic and electronystagmographic studies","volume":"101","author":"Mark","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489309135875","volume":"113","author":"Majoor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000276599","article-title":"Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"56","author":"Albers","year":"1994","journal-title":"ORL J Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Its Relat Spec."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480802226163","article-title":"Imaging analysis in cases with inflammation-induced sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"129","author":"Sone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000300","article-title":"Intensity of gadolinium enhancement on MRI is useful in differentiation of intracochlear inflammation from tumor","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"991","article-title":"Segmental enhancement of the cochlea on contrast-enhanced MR: correlation with the frequency of hearing loss and possible sign of perilymphatic fistula and autoimmune labyrinthitis","volume":"14","author":"Mark","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70141-5","article-title":"Viral cochleitis with gadolinium enhancement of the cochlea on magnetic resonance imaging scan","volume":"121","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol\u2013Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1994.01880290070012","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-enhancing lesions of the labyrinth and facial nerve. Clinical correlation","volume":"120","author":"Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200201000-00002","article-title":"The value of enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of endocochlear disease","volume":"112","author":"Hegarty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-0046-8","article-title":"Observation of contrast enhancement in the cochlear fluid space of healthy subjects using a 3D-FLAIR sequence at 3 Tesla","volume":"16","author":"Naganawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"479","article-title":"Idiopathic, herpetic, and HIV-associated facial nerve palsies: abnormal MR enhancement patterns","volume":"15","author":"Sartoretti-Schefer","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MR of the facial nerve in patients with posttraumatic peripheral facial nerve palsy","volume":"18","author":"Sartoretti-Schefer","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Sudden hearing loss: frequency of abnormal findings on contrast-enhanced MR studies","volume":"19","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050093","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"255","author":"Stokroos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1998-8603","article-title":"High resolution Gd-DTPA MR imaging of the inner ear in 60 patients with idiopathic vestibular neuritis: no evidence for contrast enhancement of the labyrinth or vestibular nerve","volume":"8","author":"Strupp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vestib Res Equilib Orientat."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200111000-00016","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with sudden hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo","volume":"22","author":"Schick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1922-8","article-title":"High-resolution T1-weighted 3D real IR imaging of the temporal bone using triple-dose contrast material","volume":"13","author":"Naganawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2310\/7070.2006.0066","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"35","author":"Cadoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000228005.78187.23","article-title":"Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"116","author":"Sugiura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181587d95","article-title":"Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging investigation of inner ear disturbances in cases of middle ear cholesteatoma with labyrinthine fistula","volume":"28","author":"Sone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318172ef85","article-title":"Three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging findings and prognosis in sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"118","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-009-0588-6","article-title":"Increased signal intensity of the cochlea on pre- and post-contrast enhanced 3D-FLAIR in patients with vestibular schwannoma","volume":"51","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1626-9","article-title":"Signal intensity change of the labyrinth in patients with surgically confirmed or radiologically diagnosed vestibular schwannoma on isotropic 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging at 3 T","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3109\/00016480903338123","article-title":"3D-FLAIR MRI in facial nerve paralysis with and without audio-vestibular disorder","volume":"130","author":"Nakata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3109\/00016480903384176","article-title":"3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging obtained 4 hours after intravenous gadolinium injection in patients with sudden deafness","volume":"130","author":"Tagaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2010.496461","article-title":"3D-FLAIR MRI findings in patients with low-tone sudden deafness","volume":"130","author":"Tanigawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.598552","article-title":"Contrast enhancement of the inner ear after intravenous administration of a standard or double dose of gadolinium contrast agents","volume":"131","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2010.534114","article-title":"Endolymphatic hydrops and blood-labyrinth barrier in Meniere's disease","volume":"131","author":"Tagaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.11.43","article-title":"Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease after single- dose intravenous gadolinium-based contrast medium: timing of optimal enhancement","volume":"11","author":"Naganawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.639085","article-title":"Contrast enhancement of the inner ear in magnetic resonance images taken at 10 minutes or 4 hours after intravenous gadolinium injection","volume":"132","author":"Sano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.2659","article-title":"Analysis of the 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (3D-FLAIR) sequence in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"139","author":"Berrettini","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol\u2013 Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-012-1100-2","article-title":"Decreased vestibular signal intensity on 3D-FIESTA in vestibular schwannomas differentiating from meningiomas","volume":"55","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4439","article-title":"Comparison of inner ear contrast enhancement among patients with unilateral inner ear symptoms in mr images obtained 10 minutes and 4 hours after gadolinium injection","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215114003028","article-title":"Usefulness of three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging to detect inner-ear abnormalities in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"129","author":"Tanigawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.10.005","article-title":"Revisiting the relationship of three-dimensional fluid attenuation inversion recovery imaging and hearing outcomes in adults with idiopathic unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"85","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4170-9","article-title":"3D-Flair sequence at 3T in cochlear otosclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Lombardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.mp.2015-0121","article-title":"Cochlear lymph fluid signal increase in patients with otosclerosis after intravenous administration of gadodiamide","volume":"15","author":"Naganawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4822","article-title":"Blood-labyrinth barrier permeability in meniere disease and idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: findings on delayed postcontrast 3D-FLAIR MRI","volume":"37","author":"Pakdaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2017.06.002","article-title":"Endolymphatic hydrops imaging: differential diagnosis in patients with Meniere disease symptoms","volume":"98","author":"Attye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5093-2","article-title":"3D fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging at different stages of otosclerosis","volume":"275","author":"Berrettini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27084","article-title":"Clinical value of 4-hour delayed gadolinium-Enhanced 3D FLAIR MR Images in Acute Vestibular Neuritis","volume":"128","author":"Byun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2018.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of enhancement of the vestibular perilymph between gadoterate meglumine and gadobutrol at 3-Tesla in Meniere's disease","volume":"99","author":"Eliezer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02155-7","article-title":"The value of four stage vestibular hydrops grading and asymmetric perilymphatic enhancement in the diagnosis of Meni\u00e8re's disease on MRI","volume":"61","author":"Bernaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000501292","article-title":"Audiovestibular Phenotypes and Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Cochlin Gene Mutation Carriers","volume":"24","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5825-0","article-title":"Detection of intralabyrinthine abnormalities using post-contrast delayed 3D-FLAIR MRI sequences in patients with acute vestibular syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Eliezer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05285-z","article-title":"Post-contrast 3D-FLAIR in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"276","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002768","article-title":"Inner Ear Enhancement With Delayed 3D-FLAIR MRI Imaging in Vestibular Schwannoma","volume":"41","author":"Bowen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05829-8","article-title":"Electrophysiological and inner ear MRI findings in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy","volume":"277","author":"Eliezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2020.1713396","article-title":"Clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with collapse or fistula of the saccule as evaluated by inner ear MRI","volume":"140","author":"Eliezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E444","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28362","article-title":"Relationship between video head impulse test, ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and compartmental magnetic resonance imaging classification in meniere's disease","volume":"130","author":"Kahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.009","article-title":"MRI evaluation of the endolymphatic space in otosclerosis and correlation with clinical findings","volume":"101","author":"Laine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00330-5","article-title":"The blood labyrinthine barrier in the human normal and Meniere's disease macula utricle","volume":"7","author":"Ishiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.169.3.9275912","article-title":"Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging: identification of protein concentration thresholds for CSF hyperintensity","volume":"169","author":"Melhem","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.662264\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T01:56:23Z","timestamp":1621475783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.662264\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.662264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.662264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"article-number":"662264"}}