{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:15:31Z","timestamp":1790266531245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to make simple the evaluation of the main veins related to the brainstem and cerebellum. Posterior fossa venous drainage is best understood in context with its three main collectors: superior: toward the Vein of Galen; posterior: toward the torcular complex; and anterior: toward the superior petrosal sinus. A fourth possible drainage path, often harder to distinguish, is directed toward the inferior petrosal sinus. Veins of these four systems are frequently connected to one another. Despite traditionally being considered less regular than its arterial disposition, posterior fossa venous anatomy follows specific patterns that are easy to identify. The three more representative veins of each venous confluent have been selected, to help in recognizing them angiographically. Since pial large veins are primarily located over the surface of the encephalon, most related anatomical structures can be confidently identified. This is of special interest when angiographic 2D or 3D studies are evaluated and provide fundamental assistance in locating precise structures. To better aid in understanding venous disposition, an overview of embryologic and fetal development is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.680515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T05:09:35Z","timestamp":1636348175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Posterior Fossa Venous Drainage"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Angeles","family":"de Miquel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0724-2","article-title":"Consensus paper: cerebellar development","volume":"15","author":"Leto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63956-1.00002-3","article-title":"Embryology","volume":"154","author":"Haldipur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2015.07.001","article-title":"Vascularisation of the central nervous system","volume":"138","author":"Tata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech Dev."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entwiklung der Sinus Durae Matris und Hirnvenen des Menschen","author":"Markowski","year":"1922","journal-title":"Bull Internat de l'Acad Polonnaise Sci et Lettres B Sci Nat Cracovie."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000180202","article-title":"The development of the venous sinuses of the dura mater in the human embryo","volume":"18","author":"Streeter","year":"1915","journal-title":"Am J Anat."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000980302","article-title":"The cranial venous system in man in reference to development, adult configuration, and relation to the arteries","volume":"98","author":"Padget","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Anat."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1871","article-title":"Development of posterior fossa dural sinuses, emissary veins, and jugular bulb: morphological and radiologic study","volume":"15","author":"Okudera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90116-8","article-title":"The vascularization of the human cerebellar cortex","volume":"11","author":"Duvernoy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"2155","article-title":"Veins of the posterior fossa","volume":"73","author":"Newton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Radiol Skull Brain."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The Superficial Veins of the Human Brain Veins of the Brain Stem and of the Base of the Brain","author":"Duvernoy","year":"1975"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200009001-00012","article-title":"The posterior fossa veins","volume":"47","author":"Rothon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Encephalic venous drainage: understanding anatomy and pathology from a developmental approach.","volume-title":"Vascular Medicine","author":"de Miquel","year":"2015"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55994-0_72","article-title":"Venous structures of the brain.","volume-title":"Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions. 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