{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:47:54Z","timestamp":1793306874287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder, characterized by moderate to severe unilateral headaches, nausea, photophobia, and\/or phonophobia, with a higher prevalence in women than in men, which can drastically affect the quality of life of migraine patients. In addition, this chronic disorder is related with metabolic comorbidities associated with the patient's lifestyle, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). Beyond the personal and socioeconomic impact caused by migraine, obesity and DM, it has been suggested that these metabolic disorders seem to be related to migraine since: (i) they are a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disorders or chronic diseases; (ii) they can be influenced by genetic and environmental risk factors; and (iii) while clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that obesity is a risk factor for migraine, DM (i.e., type 1 and type 2 DM) have been reported to be either a protective or a risk factor in migraine. On this basis, and given the high worldwide prevalence of migraine, obesity, and DM, this article provides a narrative review of the current literature related to the association between the etiology and pathophysiology of migraine and these metabolic disorders, considering lifestyle aspects, as well as the possible involvement of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and\/or sex hormones. While a link between migraine and metabolic disorders has been suggested, many studies are contradictory and the mechanisms involved in this association are not yet sufficiently established. Therefore, further research should be focused on understanding the possible mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.686398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T07:48:58Z","timestamp":1623224938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Metabolic Aspects of Migraine: Association With Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rivera-Mancilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Al-Hassany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Villal\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"MaassenVanDenBrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12150","article-title":"Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study","volume":"53","author":"Buse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031286","article-title":"The International classification of headache disorders, 2nd edn (ICDH-II)","volume":"75","author":"Olesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000169750.52406.a2","article-title":"Comorbidity of migraine","volume":"18","author":"Scher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.11.007","article-title":"Preventive migraine treatment","volume":"27","author":"Silberstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000262045.11646.b1","article-title":"Obesity, migraine, and chronic migraine: possible mechanisms of interaction","volume":"68","author":"Bigal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.2010.23.2.1475909","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a molecular link between obesity and migraine?","volume":"23","author":"Recober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00343.x","article-title":"Migraine and its relation with lifestyle in women","volume":"10","author":"Nazari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1047-4","article-title":"Migraine and metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Casucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0691-7","article-title":"Is migraine primarily a metaboloendocrine disorder?","volume":"22","author":"Rainero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S170253","article-title":"Migraine in adults with diabetes; is there an association? 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