{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1790766781684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011975","name":"American Society of Neuroradiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011975","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006098","name":"Radiological Society of North America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Athletes participating in high-contact sports experience repeated head trauma. Anatomical findings, such as a cavum septum pellucidum, prominent CSF spaces, and hippocampal volume reductions, have been observed in cases of mild traumatic brain injury. The extent to which these neuroanatomical findings are associated with high-contact sports is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are subtle neuroanatomic differences between athletes participating in high-contact sports compared to low-contact athletic controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> We performed longitudinal structural brain MRI scans in 63 football (high-contact) and 34 volleyball (low-contact control) male collegiate athletes with up to 4 years of follow-up, evaluating a total of 315 MRI scans. Board-certified neuroradiologists performed semi-quantitative visual analysis of neuroanatomic findings, including: cavum septum pellucidum type and size, extent of perivascular spaces, prominence of CSF spaces, white matter hyperintensities, arterial spin labeling perfusion asymmetries, fractional anisotropy holes, and hippocampal size.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> At baseline, cavum septum pellucidum length was greater in football compared to volleyball controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). All other comparisons were statistically equivalent after multiple comparison correction. Within football at baseline, the following trends that did not survive multiple comparison correction were observed: more years of prior football exposure exhibited a trend toward more perivascular spaces (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03 uncorrected), and lower baseline Standardized Concussion Assessment Tool scores toward more perivascular spaces (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02 uncorrected) and a smaller right hippocampal size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02 uncorrected).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Head impacts in high-contact sport (football) athletes may be associated with increased cavum septum pellucidum length compared to low-contact sport (volleyball) athletic controls. Other investigated neuroradiology metrics were generally equivalent between sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.701948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1628669912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neuroradiologic Evaluation of MRI in High-Contact Sports"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Derek","family":"McAllister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Akers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Boldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lex A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Tranvinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Goubran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrett","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Georgiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahta","family":"Karimpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"DiGiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Mouchawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Wintermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Zeineh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097791","article-title":"A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion","volume":"51","author":"Manley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.08.003","article-title":"Head impact exposure in collegiate football players","volume":"44","author":"Crisco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.549","article-title":"Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players","volume":"45","author":"Crisco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Athl Train."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826daf50","article-title":"Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players","volume":"79","author":"Lehman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury","volume":"68","author":"McKee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.08.008","article-title":"Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Stern","year":"2011","journal-title":"PMR."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23783","article-title":"MRI improves 3-month outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"73","author":"Yuh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Advanced neuroimaging of mild traumatic brain injury","volume-title":"Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury. Frontiers in Neuroscience","author":"Koerte","year":"2016"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0279","article-title":"Alteration of default mode network in high school football athletes due to repetitive subconcussive mild traumatic brain injury: a resting- state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"5","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3233","article-title":"Abnormal white matter integrity related to head impact exposure in a season of high school varsity football","volume":"31","author":"Davenport","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2014.973959","article-title":"Cerebrovascular reactivity alterations in asymptomatic high school football players","volume":"40","author":"Svaldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1512","article-title":"Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion","volume":"31","author":"Talavage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116864","article-title":"Longitudinal alteration of cortical thickness and volume in high-impact sports","volume":"217","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903329166","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings and brain-behavioral correlates in a former boxer with chronic traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Handratta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","article-title":"The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"136","author":"McKee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.29","article-title":"Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2009.09.002","article-title":"Cavum Septi pellucidi in boxers","volume":"61","author":"Aviv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0636","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a review and high-field MRI findings in 100 unarmed combatants using a literature-based checklist approach","volume":"26","author":"Orrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"719","article-title":"Dilated perivascular spaces: hallmarks of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Inglese","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0072","article-title":"Basic science; repetitive mild non-contusive brain trauma in immature rats exacerbates traumatic axonal injury and axonal calpain activation: a preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"Huh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00970.2014","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces ventriculomegaly and cortical thinning in juvenile rats","volume":"113","author":"Goddeyne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1725124","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities increases with traumatic brain injury severity: associations to neuropsychological performance and fatigue","volume":"34","author":"Berginstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150438","article-title":"Findings from structural MR imaging in military traumatic brain injury","volume":"279","author":"Riedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149109","article-title":"Arterial spin labeling perfusion study in the patients with subacute mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0856","article-title":"White matter abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"29","author":"Rutgers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00041","article-title":"History of mild traumatic brain injury is associated with deficits in relational memory, reduced hippocampal volume, and less neural activity later in life","volume":"5","author":"Monti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094978","article-title":"The incidence of concussion in youth sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Pfister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3313","article-title":"Relationship of collegiate football experience and concussion with hippocampal volume and cognitive outcomes","volume":"311","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9946-5","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in acute concussion: preliminary ASL findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE consortium","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14131856","article-title":"Potholes and molehills: bias in the diagnostic performance of diffusion-tensor imaging in concussion","volume":"272","author":"Watts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3171","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging for outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study","volume":"31","author":"Yuh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1651","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-16-00132","article-title":"Susceptibility weighted imaging and white matter abnormality findings in service members with persistent cognitive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"182","author":"Tate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","article-title":"Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia","volume":"73","author":"Alsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","article-title":"MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging","volume":"149","author":"Fazekas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000091536","article-title":"Age, hypertension, and lacunar stroke are the major determinants of the severity of age-related white matter changes","volume":"21","author":"Basile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4366","article-title":"Correlation of asymmetry indices measured by arterial spin-labeling MR imaging and SPECT in patients with crossed cerebellar diaschisis","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868807","article-title":"Visual assessment of medial temporal lobe atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging: Interobserver reliability","volume":"242","author":"Scheltens","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1348\/000711006X126600","article-title":"Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement","volume":"61","author":"Gwet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1086\/230638","article-title":"Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models","volume":"100","author":"Clogg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sociol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.2.174","article-title":"Magnitude of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players","volume":"28","author":"Crisco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325967115622621","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115622621","article-title":"Concussion incidence in professional football: position-specific analysis with use of a novel metric","volume":"4","author":"Nathanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sport Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(63)90498-7","article-title":"Neurological disease in boxers","volume":"2","author":"Mawdsley","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1952.02320170043006","article-title":"Incidence of cavum septi pellucidi and cavum Vergae in 1,032 human brains","volume":"67","author":"Schwidde","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3880","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in symptomatic former professional football players","volume":"33","author":"Koerte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3805","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in retired american pro-football players","volume":"33","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5175","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic findings on routine MRI in a large cohort of professional fighters","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"11","article-title":"Hippocampal volume in normal aging and traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Bigler","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.2.210","article-title":"Volume of focal brain lesions and hippocampal formation in relation to memory function after closed head injury in children","volume":"69","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000169965.08854.25","article-title":"Head circumference and brain and hippocampal volume after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood","volume":"58","author":"Tasker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6357","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in hippocampal subfield volume associated with collegiate football","volume":"36","author":"Parivash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500309593","article-title":"Clinical significance of dilated Virchow-Robin spaces in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Inglese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02629-3","article-title":"Validation and comparison of instrumented mouthguards for measuring head kinematics and assessing brain deformation in football impacts","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.701948\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:18:38Z","timestamp":1628669918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.701948\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.701948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.701948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"article-number":"701948"}}