{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:33:48Z","timestamp":1790876028735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To systematically review the literature on the long-term neuroimaging findings (\u226510 years from exposure) for exposure in adulthood to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and repetitive head impacts (RHIs) using neuroimaging across all available populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data sources:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Four electronic databases: MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and EMBASE.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Study selection:<\/jats:bold>\n                    All articles were original research and published in English. Studies examined adults with remote exposure to mTBI and\/or RHIs from ten or more years ago in addition to any associated neuroimaging findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Data extraction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Parameters mainly included participants' population, age, years since head injury, race, sex, education level, and any neuroimaging findings. Scores for the level of evidence and risk of bias were calculated independently by two authors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    5,521 studies were reviewed, of which 34 met inclusion criteria and were included in this study. The majority of adults in these studies showed positive neuroimaging findings one or more decades following mTBI\/RHI exposure. This was consistent across study populations (i.e., veterans, athletes, and the general population). There was evidence for altered protein deposition patterns, micro- and macro-structural, functional, neurochemical, and blood flow-related differences in the brain for those with remote mTBI\/RHI exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Findings from these studies suggest that past mTBI\/RHI exposure may be associated with neuroimaging findings. However, given the methodological constraints related to relatively small sample sizes and the heterogeneity in injury types\/exposure and imaging techniques used, conclusions drawn from this review are limited. Well-designed longitudinal studies with multimodal imaging and in-depth health and demographic information will be required to better understand the potential for having positive neuroimaging findings following remote mTBI\/RHI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.726425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T08:50:24Z","timestamp":1632991824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Systematic Review of the Long-Term Neuroimaging Correlates of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Repetitive Head Injuries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Holly Victoria","family":"Echlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wojtowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023732","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Cassidy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000138","article-title":"Subconcussive blows to the head: A formative review of short-term clinical outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Belanger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Brain Damage in Boxers: A Study of the Prevalence of Traumatic Encephalopathy Among Ex-Professional Boxers","author":"Roberts","year":"1969"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903329166","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings and brain-behavioral correlates in a former boxer with chronic traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Handratta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.s1-15.57.20","article-title":"Traumatic encephalopathy (\u2018Punch Drunk') of professional pugilists","volume":"15","author":"Parker","year":"1934","journal-title":"J Neurol Psychopathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1996.2598025.x","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles, but not Alzheimer-type pathology, in a young boxer","volume":"22","author":"Geddes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player","volume":"57","author":"Omalu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097791","article-title":"A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion","volume":"51","author":"Manley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9708-9","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in adult civilian, military, and sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a systematic critical review","volume":"12","author":"Asken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5558","article-title":"systematic review of positron emission tomography of tau, amyloid beta, and neuroinflammation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: The evidence to date","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04926-4","article-title":"A critical review of radiotracers in the positron emission tomography imaging of traumatic brain injury: FDG, tau, and amyloid imaging in mild traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"48","author":"Ayubcha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12249","article-title":"A review of neuroimaging findings in repetitive brain trauma","volume":"25","author":"Koerte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63954-7.00029-X","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neuroimaging biomarkers","volume":"158","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000541","article-title":"Neuroimaging in the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Sparks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0460.1000137","article-title":"Examining the relationship between head trauma and neurodegenerative disease: a review of epidemiology, pathology and neuroimaging techniques","volume":"4","author":"Sundman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis Park"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.03.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"66","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww344","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with reduced cortical thickness in those at risk for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"140","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.555","article-title":"The pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts","volume":"12","author":"Povlishock","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200307000-00003","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-012-0003-3","article-title":"Diffuse disconnectivity in traumatic brain injury: a resting state fMRI and DTI study","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00390","article-title":"Structural, functional, and metabolic brain markers differentiate collision versus contact and non-contact athletes","volume":"8","author":"Churchill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3721","article-title":"Neuroimaging biomarkers of a history of concussion observed in asymptomatic young athletes","volume":"33","author":"Orr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.15","article-title":"Network dysfunction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Sharp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1693","article-title":"Proton MRS in acute traumatic brain injury: Role for glutamate\/glutamine and choline for outcome prediction","volume":"21","author":"Shutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00079","article-title":"Amyloid-\u00df peptides and tau protein as biomarkers in cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid following traumatic brain injury: a review of experimental and clinical studies","volume":"4","author":"Tsitsopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26162","article-title":"Systematic review on the characterization of chronic traumatic encephalopathy by MRI and MRS","volume":"49","author":"Ruprecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2","year":"2011"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-001","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and low-vision rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170539","article-title":"Effects of career duration, concussion history, and playing position on white matter microstructure and functional neural recruitment in former college and professional football athletes","volume":"286","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2535","article-title":"Episodic memory in former professional football players with a history of concussion: an event-related functional neuroimaging study","volume":"30","author":"Ford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb03307.x","article-title":"Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2. A retrospective study with CT and MRI","volume":"82","author":"Haglund","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117182","article-title":"Lasting consequences of concussion on the aging brain: Findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"221","author":"June","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.11.019","article-title":"PET scanning of brain tau in retired national football league players: Preliminary findings","volume":"21","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.055","article-title":"Self-reported traumatic brain injury and in vivo measure of AD-vulnerable cortical thickness and AD-related biomarkers in the ADNI cohort","volume":"655","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","article-title":"The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity","volume":"24","author":"Malec","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2009\/v21i2a296","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport \u2013 the 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, november 2008","volume":"21","author":"McCrory","year":"2009","journal-title":"South African J Sport Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31828b67cf","article-title":"Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport-The 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport Held in Zurich, November 2012","volume":"5","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"PMR."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097569","article-title":"The Berlin 2016 process: a summary of methodology for the 5th International Consensus Conference on Concussion in Sport","volume":"51","author":"Meeuwisse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S58005","article-title":"Self-reported concussion history: impact of providing a definition of concussion","volume":"5","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Access J Sport Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114540270","article-title":"Is there chronic brain damage in retired NFL players? Neuroradiology, neuropsychology, and neurology examinations of 45 retired players","volume":"6","author":"Casson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1012-0","article-title":"Frontotemporal correlates of impulsivity and machine learning in retired professional athletes with a history of multiple concussions","volume":"221","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5047","article-title":"Differences in brain architecture in remote mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Rajesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2017.0556","article-title":"Increased small-world network topology following deployment-acquired traumatic brain injury associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"8","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs102","article-title":"Sports concussions and aging: a neuroimaging investigation","volume":"23","author":"Tremblay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101907","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: the effect of age at trauma onset on brain structure integrity","volume":"23","author":"Tremblay","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102212","article-title":"Interaction of APOE4 alleles and PET tau imaging in former contact sport athletes","volume":"26","author":"Vasilevskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.340","article-title":"Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunction and depression in aging retired National Football League players: a cross-sectional study","volume":"70","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13673","article-title":"Retinal nerve fibre changes in sports-related repetitive traumatic brain injury","volume":"48","author":"Kelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3880","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in symptomatic former professional football players","volume":"33","author":"Koerte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116674006","article-title":"Interrelationships among neuroimaging biomarkers, neuropsychological test data, and symptom reporting in a cohort of retired National Football League players","volume":"9","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Health."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9895-z","article-title":"Limbic system structure volumes and associated neurocognitive functioning in former NFL players","volume":"13","author":"Lepage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.05.014","article-title":"The relationship between brain atrophy and cognitive-behavioural symptoms in retired Canadian football players with multiple concussions","volume":"19","author":"Misquitta","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00041","article-title":"History of mild traumatic brain injury is associated with deficits in relational memory, reduced hippocampal volume, and less neural activity later in life","volume":"5","author":"Monti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8141-0","article-title":"The association between white-matter tract abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in retired professional football players with multiple concussions","volume":"263","author":"Multani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3805","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in retired American pro-football players","volume":"33","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of the Ohio state university TBI identification method","volume":"22","author":"Corrigan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418815650","article-title":"Differences in fibertract profiles between patients with migraine and those with persistent post-traumatic headache","volume":"58","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-109","article-title":"Motor system alterations in retired former athletes: the role of aging and concussion history","volume":"13","author":"De Beaumont","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2030824","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30824","article-title":"Association of optical coherence tomography with longitudinal neurodegeneration in veterans with chronic mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Gilmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199309000-00010","article-title":"American congress of rehabilitation medicine, head injury interdisciplinary special interest group: definition of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1665501","article-title":"The effect of age of first exposure to competitive fighting on cognitive and other neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain volume","volume":"32","author":"Bryant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0094-5","article-title":"Changes in the neurochemistry of athletes with repetitive brain trauma: Preliminary results using localized correlated spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-0018-7","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of corpus callosum subregion white matter vulnerability and relation to chronic outcome in boxers","volume":"14","author":"Ware","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4035","article-title":"Chronic effects of boxing: diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive findings","volume":"33","author":"Wilde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E24","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000422","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of retired professional contact sport athletes does not provide evidence of structural and functional brain damage","volume":"33","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9442-0","article-title":"Cortical thinning in former professional soccer players","volume":"10","author":"Koerte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130545","article-title":"Soccer heading is associated with white matter microstructural and cognitive abnormalities","volume":"268","author":"Lipton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02972","article-title":"Hypoconnectivity and hyperfrontality in retired american football players","volume":"3","author":"Hampshire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3715","article-title":"Altered neurochemistry in former professional soccer players without a history of concussion","volume":"32","author":"Koerte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000489753.67038.ae","article-title":"Interrelationships among neuroimaging biomarkers, neuropsychological test data, and symptom reporting in a cohort of retired national football league players","volume":"63","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3764","article-title":"Imaging of glial cell activation and white matter integrity in brains of active and recently retired National Football League players","volume":"74","author":"Coughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002103","article-title":"Long-term outcomes associated with traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescence: A nationwide swedish cohort study of a wide range of medical and social outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Sariaslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.726425\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T08:50:29Z","timestamp":1632991829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.726425\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.726425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.726425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"article-number":"726425"}}