{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:16:57Z","timestamp":1782843417690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In the recent years, studies have focused on the common pathogenesis of TLE and depression. However, few of the studies focused on the dynamic characteristics of TLE with depression. We tested the hypotheses that there exist abnormalities in microstates in patients with TLE with depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Participants were classified into patients with TLE with depression (PDS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19) and patients with TLE without depression (nPDS) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19) based upon the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). Microstate analysis was applied based on 256-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to detect the dynamic changes in whole brain. The coverage (proportion of time spent in each state), frequency of occurrence, and duration (average time of each state) were calculated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Patients with PDS showed a shorter mean microstate duration with higher mean occurrence per second compared to patients with nPDS. There was no difference between the two groups in the coverage of microstate A\u2013D.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This is the first study to present the temporal fluctuations of EEG topography in comorbid depression in TLE using EEG microstate analysis. The temporal characteristics of the four canonical EEG microstates were significantly altered in patients with TLE suffer from comorbid depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.753113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:57:02Z","timestamp":1641279422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Intrinsic Brain Activity in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Depression: Insights From EEG Microstates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yueqian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiechuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"315","article-title":"The epidemiology of epilepsy: the size of the problem","volume":"11","author":"Bell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092961","article-title":"Effective connectivity of hippocampal neural network and its alteration in Mg2+-free epilepsy model","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-01065-z","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in the epilepsies: from bench to bedside","volume":"20","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01222.x","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a population-based analysis","volume":"48","author":"Tellez-Zenteno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.01.007","article-title":"Depression and epilepsy: epidemiologic and neurobiologic perspectives that may explain their high comorbid occurrence","volume":"24","author":"Kanner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.01.007","article-title":"To what extent does depression influence quality of life of people with pharmacoresistant epilepsy in Argentina?","volume":"69","author":"Sc\u00e9vola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.05.005","article-title":"Evidence in support of using a neurochemistry approach to identify therapy for both epilepsy and associated depression","volume":"61","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19698-z","article-title":"Offline stimulation of human parietal cortex differently affects resting EEG microstates","volume":"8","author":"Croce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14057","article-title":"Depression comorbidity in epileptic rats is related to brain glucose hypometabolism and hypersynchronicity in the metabolic network architecture","volume":"59","author":"Zanirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.10.025","article-title":"Seizure-induced activation of the HPA axis increases seizure frequency and comorbid depression-like behaviors","volume":"78","author":"Hooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.07.030","article-title":"Vigabatrin has antiepileptogenic and antidepressant effects in an animal model of epilepsy and depression comorbidity","volume":"225","author":"Russo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00442","article-title":"GABAergic alterations in neocortex of patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy can explain the comorbidity of anxiety and depression: the potential impact of clinical factors","volume":"8","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.01.009","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL1Ra levels in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Uludag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4084-x","article-title":"The development of depression-like behavior is consolidated by IL-6-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons and IL-1\u03b2-induced elevated leptin levels in mice","volume":"233","author":"Kurosawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.05.023","article-title":"Depression, stress, epilepsy and adult neurogenesis","volume":"233","author":"Danzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.10527","article-title":"FDG-PET and NeuN-GFAP immunohistochemistry of hippocampus at different phases of the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2325-6","article-title":"Ferulic acid supplementation for management of depression in epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30031-0","article-title":"The roles of surgery and technology in understanding focal epilepsy and its comorbidities","volume":"17","author":"Spencer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23430","article-title":"Dynamic functional network connectivity in idiopathic generalized epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0001","article-title":"Moving from static to dynamic models of the onset of mental disorder: a review","volume":"74","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13482-1","article-title":"EEG topographies provide subject-specific correlates of motor control","volume":"7","author":"Pirondini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.062","article-title":"EEG microstates as a tool for studying the temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks: a review","volume":"180","author":"Michel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.010","article-title":"Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Khanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.052","article-title":"BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Britz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-008-0054-5","article-title":"Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review","volume":"20","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1070","article-title":"Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: normative EEG microstates and developmental stages","volume":"16","author":"Koenig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1109\/10.391164","article-title":"Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation","volume":"42","author":"Pascual-Marqui","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128870","article-title":"Global field power and topographic similarity","volume":"3","author":"Skrandies","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90025-3","article-title":"EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation","volume":"67","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.07.007","article-title":"Machine learning detects EEG microstate alterations in patients living with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00548","article-title":"EEG resting-state large-scale brain network dynamics are related to depressive symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Damborsk\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0749-1","article-title":"Abnormalities in electroencephalographic microstates are state and trait markers of major depressive disorder","volume":"45","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.175","article-title":"Euthymic bipolar disorder patients and EEG microstates: a neural signature of their abnormal self experience?","volume":"272","author":"Vellante","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.03.020","article-title":"Altered peri-seizure EEG microstate dynamics in patients with absence epilepsy","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695272","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.695272","article-title":"Prediction of clinical outcomes with EEG microstate in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.029","article-title":"Capturing the spatiotemporal dynamics of self-generated, task-initiated thoughts with EEG and fMRI","volume":"194","author":"Br\u00e9chet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0476","article-title":"Electroencephalographic resting-state networks: source localization of microstates","volume":"7","author":"Custo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04926.x","article-title":"Which clinical and experimental data link temporal lobe epilepsy with depression?","volume":"103","author":"Kondziella","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.10.017","article-title":"Clinical, cognitive, and functional connectivity correlations of resting-state intrinsic brain activity alterations in unmedicated depression","volume":"172","author":"Tadayonnejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.081","article-title":"Abnormal functional connectivity density in first-episode, drug-naive adult patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"194","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000075331","article-title":"Altered habituation in the auditory cortex in a subgroup of depressed patients by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"49","author":"Michael","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.09.003","article-title":"Effects of antidepressive therapy on auditory processing in severely depressed patients: a combined MRS and MEG study","volume":"40","author":"Tollk\u00f6tter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0036-5","article-title":"Auditory processing of sine tones before, during and after ECT in depressed patients by fMRI","volume":"115","author":"Christ","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2010.00041","article-title":"Whole brain resting-state analysis reveals decreased functional connectivity in major depression","volume":"4","author":"Veer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws059","article-title":"Identifying major depression using whole-brain functional connectivity: a multivariate pattern analysis","volume":"135","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109889","article-title":"Anomalous intrinsic connectivity within and between visual and auditory networks in major depressive disorder","volume":"100","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.07.012","article-title":"Native EEG and treatment effects in neuroleptic-na\u00efve schizophrenic patients: time and frequency domain approaches","volume":"97","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.01.005","article-title":"EEG microstates associated with salience and frontoparietal networks in frontotemporal dementia, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"124","author":"Nishida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.05.036","article-title":"Deviant dynamics of EEG resting state pattern in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome adolescents: a vulnerability marker of schizophrenia?","volume":"157","author":"Tomescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.01.010","article-title":"Altered spontaneous brain activity in MRI-negative refractory temporal lobe epilepsy patients with major depressive disorder: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"386","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.058","article-title":"The EEG microstate topography is predominantly determined by intracortical sources in the alpha band","volume":"162","author":"Milz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.016","article-title":"Current source density measures of electroencephalographic alpha predict antidepressant treatment response","volume":"70","author":"Tenke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21284","article-title":"Relationship of resting EEG with anatomical MRI measures in individuals at high and low risk for depression","volume":"33","author":"Bruder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.10.008","article-title":"Classifying depression patients and normal subjects using machine learning techniques and nonlinear features from EEG signal","volume":"109","author":"Hosseinifard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.05.032","article-title":"EEG alpha asymmetry as a gender-specific predictor of outcome to acute treatment with different antidepressant medications in the randomized iSPOT-D study","volume":"127","author":"Arns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.023","article-title":"The functional significance of EEG microstates\u2013associations with modalities of thinking","volume":"125","author":"Milz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.21.017","article-title":"[Resting-state functional magnetic resonance study of the brain's network of the temporal lobe epilepsy patients with depression]","volume":"96","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007841107","article-title":"EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics","volume":"107","author":"Van De Ville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.753113\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:57:09Z","timestamp":1641279429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.753113\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.753113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.753113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"article-number":"753113"}}