{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T15:59:52Z","timestamp":1776959992876,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) serves as a treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia, Tourette Syndrome (GTS), Huntington's disease, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There is broad experience with the short-term effects of DBS in individual diseases and their signs\/symptoms. However, even in acute treatment and for the same disorder or a given disorder, a prediction of effect is not perfect. Even further, the factors that influence the long-term effect of DBS and its withdrawal are hardly characterized. In this work, we aim to shed light on an important topic, the question of \u201cDBS dependency.\u201d To address this, we make use of the Kuramoto model of phase synchronization (oscillation feature) endowed with neuroplasticity to study the effects of DBS under successive withdrawals and renewals of neuromodulation as well as influence of treatment duration in <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> DBS \u201cpatients.\u201d The results of our simulation show that the characteristics of neuroplasticity have a profound effect on the stability and mutability of oscillation synchronization patterns across successive withdrawal and renewal of DBS in chronic \u201cpatients\u201d and also in <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> DBS \u201cpatients\u201d with varying duration of treatment (here referred to as the \u201cnumber of iterations\u201d). Importantly, the results demonstrate the strong effect of the individual neuroplasticity makeup on the behavior of synchrony of oscillatory activity that promotes certain disorder\/disease states or symptoms. The effect of DBS-mediated neuromodulation and withdrawal is highly dependent on the makeup of the neuroplastic signature of a disorder or an individual.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.754701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T18:49:56Z","timestamp":1638384596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrophysiological Signature and the Prediction of Deep Brain Stimulation Withdrawal and Insertion Effects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Trenado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Pedroarena-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2014.966812","article-title":"New treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"7","author":"Vijverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609339382","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Groiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.4.JNS181761","article-title":"Current and future directions of deep brain stimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.11.008","article-title":"Clinical trials for deep brain stimulation: current state of affairs","volume":"13","author":"Harmsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140184","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0184","article-title":"Levodopa-induced plasticity: a double-edged sword in Parkinson's disease?","volume":"370","author":"Calabresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.003","article-title":"Toward sophisticated basal ganglia neuromodulation: review on basal ganglia deep brain stimulation","volume":"58","author":"Da Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa304","article-title":"KMT2B-related disorders: expansion of the phenotypic spectrum and long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation","volume":"143","author":"Cif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09745-z","article-title":"Long-term effects of bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in dystonia: a follow-up between 8 and 16 years","volume":"267","author":"Krause","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23731","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation effects in dystonia: time course of electrophysiological changes in early treatment","volume":"26","author":"Ruge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr122","article-title":"Shaping reversibility? 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