{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:59:19Z","timestamp":1773691159010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients with migraine and explore its association with vitamin D deficiency, aiming to provide biological support for the comorbidity of migraine with RLS, and shed new lights into clinical diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A case-control study was performed on 175 migraine patients and 151 non-headache controls. The information of all subjects concerning headache severity [visual analog scale (VAS) score], RLS, RLS severity [International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS) score], sleep quality [Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)], anxiety and depression symptoms [hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS)], and demographic data were collected. At the same time, serum 25-(OH) D levels were also measured (concentration &amp;lt;20 ng\/ml was defined deficiency). Afterward, the logistic regression model was adopted to explore the risk factors for RLS in patients with migraines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared with control group, migraine group had lower vitamin D levels [(21.10 \u00b1 6.58) vs. (16.42 \u00b1 5.6) ng\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], a higher rate of vitamin D deficiency (45.03 vs. 72%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0001), higher prevalence of RLS (6.62 vs. 22.29%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Compared with the pure RLS group, RLS with the migraine group had lower vitamin D levels and higher IRLS score (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with pure migraine group, migraine with RLS group had lower vitamin D levels [(17.36 \u00b1 5.56) vs. (13.15 \u00b1 4.42) ng\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001], higher incidence of vitamin D deficiency (66.18 vs. 92.31%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), higher frequency of headache attacks (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004). Thereafter, the multivariate logistic regression model was employed to adjust confounding factors such as age, gender, season, frequency of headache attacks, PSQI score, and HADS scores. According to the results vitamin D deficiency in patients with migraines was an independent risk factor for RLS (OR = 5.03, 95%CI: 1.2\u201321.16, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.027).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of RLS in migraine patients was significantly higher than that in the non-headache population. Besides, vitamin D levels decreased, while the incidence of vitamin D deficiency increased in the migraine patients complicated with RLS. Finally, the occurrence of RLS in migraine patients was significantly related to vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.777721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T06:48:05Z","timestamp":1636958885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association Between Migraine Complicated With Restless Legs Syndrome and Vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuning","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.071","article-title":"Migraine affects 1 in 10 people worldwide featuring recent rise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies involving 6 million participants","volume":"372","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0977-0","article-title":"The comorbidity of migraine and restless legs syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Kurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0691-0","article-title":"Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in migraine patients with and without aura: a cross-sectional, case-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.191684","article-title":"Association between restless legs syndrome and migraine","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01192-5","article-title":"Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Tiseo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Headache Pain."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13124","article-title":"Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in migraine patients: a case-control study. 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